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First published online March 12, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 1036-1052 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.020255
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Function of the extrinsic hindlimb muscles in trotting dogs

Nadja Schilling1, Timna Fischbein2, Evelyn P. Yang2 and David R. Carrier2,*

1 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
2 University of Utah, Department of Biology, 201 South Biology Building, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Illustrations of the extrinsic appendicular muscles of the canid pelvic girdle, showing the location of the electrode placements used in this study. (A) Lateral view. (B) Lateral view with the m. biceps femoris removed. (C) Medial view.

 

Figure 2
Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Normalized EMGs for control and manipulation signals as well as the difference between control and manipulation trials from all six dogs when they trotted with 12% of their body mass carried in a backpack located over their pelvic girdle. (A) M. tensor fasciae latae, m. rectus femoris, cranial and caudal parts of the m. sartorius. (B) M. gluteus superficialis, m. gluteus medius, m. semimembranosus, cranial part of m. biceps femoris. (C) The caudal part of m. biceps femoris, m. gracilis, m. semitendinosus, m. adductor magnus. The x-axis shows the ipsilateral hindlimb stance (left) and swing (right). For each dog, the trotting speed was the same during the control and experimental trials. Normalized EMG: the black line represents the median of the averaged EMGs when the dogs trotted on the level without added mass (control); the gray line represents the median of the averaged EMG when the dogs carried the added mass. The error bars represent the upper and lower quartile for each bin. Note that control and manipulation signals were plotted relative to the maximum amplitude observed in the particular manipulation experiment. Difference: median as well as the 5th and the 95th quantile of the difference between the control and the manipulation signal on a bin-by-bin basis for all dogs. Negative values indicate that the manipulation signal was decreased relative to the control; positive values indicate that the manipulation signal was increased relative to the control. Control and manipulation signals per bin are significantly different when the error bars do not contact the x-axis. Note that these traces were plotted relative to the maximum difference observed for the given sampling site to optimally present the difference. The difference traces are therefore not directly comparable among sampling sites.

 

Figure 3
Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Normalized EMGs for control and manipulation signals as well as the difference between control and manipulation trials from all six dogs when they trotted uphill (14 deg.). (A) M. tensor fasciae latae, m. rectus femoris, cranial and caudal parts of the m. sartorius. (B) M. gluteus superficialis, m. gluteus medius, m. semimembranosus, cranial part of m. biceps femoris. (C) The caudal part of m. biceps femoris, m. gracilis, m. semitendinosus, m. adductor magnus. See Fig. 2 for further explanation.

 

Figure 4
Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Normalized EMGs for control and manipulation signals as well as the difference between control and manipulation trials from all six dogs when they trotted downhill (14 deg.). (A) M. tensor fasciae latae, m. rectus femoris, cranial and caudal parts of the m. sartorius. (B) M. gluteus superficialis, m. gluteus medius, m. semimembranosus, cranial part of m. biceps femoris. (C) The caudal part of m. biceps femoris, m. gracilis, m. semitendinosus, m. adductor magnus. See Fig. 2 for further explanation.

 

Figure 5
Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Normalized EMGs for control and manipulation signals as well as the difference between control and manipulation trials from all six dogs when they trotted with 2% of their body mass added to their hindlimbs. (A) M. tensor fasciae latae, m. rectus femoris, cranial and caudal parts of the m. sartorius. (B) M. gluteus superficialis, m. gluteus medius, m. semimembranosus, cranial part of m. biceps femoris. (C) The caudal part of m. biceps femoris, m. gracilis, m. semitendinosus, m. adductor magnus. See Fig. 2 for further explanation.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009