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First published online February 13, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 738-744 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.023267
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The relationships between muscle, external, internal and joint mechanical work during normal walking

Kotaro Sasaki1, Richard R. Neptune2,* and Steven A. Kautz3,4,5

1 Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
3 Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
4 Brooks Center for Rehabilitation Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
5 Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. The 2D-sagittal plane musculoskeletal model consisting of the trunk (head, arms, torso and pelvis) and both legs (femur, tibia, patella, rear-foot, mid-foot and toes). The 13 muscle groups (25 muscles in total) per leg included GMED (anterior and posterior portion of gluteus medius), IL (iliacus, psoas), RF (rectus femoris), VAS (3-component vastus), TA (tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius), PER (peroneus longus, peroneus brevis), FLXDG (flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus), EXTDG (extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus), SOL (soleus, tibialis posterior), GAS (medial and lateral gastrocnemius), BFsh (biceps femoris short head), HAM (medial hamstrings, biceps femoris long head) and GMAX (gluteus maximus, adductor magnus). Only the muscle groups in the right leg are shown.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Experimental joint angles, vertical and horizontal GRFs (vGRF and hGRF, respectively) from 10 subjects and corresponding simulation data over the gait cycle (i.e. from right heel strike to right heel strike). The vertical lines indicate toe-off.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. EMG (group mean ± s.d.) and muscle excitation patterns in the simulation over the gait cycle. The EMG magnitude was normalized to the peak simulation excitation magnitude for each muscle.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Biarticular musculotendon power (RF, HAM and GAS) and the corresponding joint power at the hip, knee and ankle over the gait cycle. The vertical line indicates toe-off.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009