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First published online January 30, 2009
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 535-541 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.021220
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Interaction of visual and odour cues in the mushroom body of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta

Anna Balkenius1,*, Sonja Bisch-Knaden2 and Bill Hansson2

1 Department of Chemical Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Sundsvägen 14, S-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
2 Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Calcium imaging in the female M. sexta mushroom body without stimulus and after stimulation with odour, light or a combination of these stimuli. (A) Schematic of the brain and the part of the mushroom body that was imaged. Me, medulla; ES, oesophagus; MB, mushroom body; AL, antennal lobe. (B) The major part of the dorsal surface of the calyces of the MB was imaged. Calcium activity measured without any stimulus (C), with BLUE (D), with OCT and BLUE (E), with OCT (F), with PAA and BLUE (G), with PAA (H).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Boxplot of the fraction of the total recorded area with a response magnitude. The fraction of the total recorded area with a response magnitude above threshold for the four stimulus combinations. (A) For PAA, the active regions was smaller when paired with BLUE. (B) For OCT, the active region was larger when paired with BLUE.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Boxplot of the magnitude of the responses to the different stimuli. The magnitude of the responses to the different stimuli. (A) The response to PAA+BLUE was lower than the response to PAA on its own. (B) The response was larger to OCT+BLUE than to OCT on its own. There were no responses to BLUE on its own.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Responses in the four sites (A–D) that were maximally responsive to each of the five stimulus combinations (OCT, OCT+BLUE, PAA, PAA+BLUE, BLUE). The curves show the average of all animals in experiment 1. The grey regions indicate the presentation of the stimulus (1 s).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Boxplot of the timing of the response onset for the four different stimulus combinations. The response is faster when BLUE is present together with either PAA or OCT.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Boxplot of the results of experiment 2. There were no significant differences in the responses to (A) PAA and (B) OCT with and without GREEN.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009