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First published online December 26, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 217-224 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.026096
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O2 store management in diving emperor penguins

P. J. Ponganis*, T. K. Stockard, J. U. Meir, C. L. Williams, K. V. Ponganis and R. Howard

Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Overhead view of the blood sampler after removal from underwater housing. B, 9 V battery; C, circuit board housing; cc, computer communication port; I, inlet; P, cable from bulkhead-mounted pressure transducer; SS, sample syringe; SV, solenoid valve; WS, waste syringe.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. The relationship of surface interval to dive duration of emperor penguins diving at the isolated dive hole.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Arterial PO2 (red) and depth (black) profiles during dives of emperor penguin 10. Shaded area indicates diving.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. The relationship of peak air-sac (Stockard et al., 2005Go) and arterial PO2 to the depths at which they occurred in emperor penguins diving at the isolated dive hole.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. The relationship of the final PO2 of a dive to dive duration in the air sac (Stockard et al., 2005Go), aorta [this study and Ponganis et al. (Ponganis et al., 2007Go)] and vena cava (Ponganis et al., 2007Go). ADL, aerobic dive limit.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Venous PO2 and depth profiles during a 9.2 min dive of emperor penguin 5. Shaded area indicates dive. Venous PO2 declined both before and after this dive. The peak PO2 during the dive was 90 mmHg; it occurred during descent at less than 2 min into the dive.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Comparison of venous PO2 in four emperor penguins (EP5, 17, 19, 38) with dives of different durations. Decreases in venous PO2 occurred prior to diving. Transient elevations in venous PO2 are evident at various points in each dive; the initial elevations occurred within the first 2–3 min of these dives.

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. The relationship of dive duration to pre-dive venous PO2 and initial venous PO2. (A) Pre-dive PO2: y=0.113x+1.18, R2=0.08, P<0.05; (B) initial PO2: y=0.099x+1.18, R2=0.06, P<0.05.

 

Figure 9
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  		Fig. 9. Air-sac PO2, arterial PO2, venous PO2 and heart rate profiles during shallow (<50 m), approximately 8 min dives of four emperor penguins. Elevations in air-sac, arterial and venous PO2 values and in heart rate all occur within the first 2 min of the dives. Air sac, bird 7 (Stockard et al., 2005Go); arterial, bird 10; venous, bird 5; heart rate, bird 37 (Meir et al., 2008Go). b.p.m., beats per min.

 

Figure 10
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  		Fig. 10. Blood lactate concentrations as a function of time into dive or dive duration. Intradive blood lactate concentration was obtained using the blood sampler; post-dive lactate concentrations were measured previously (Ponganis et al., 1997Go).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009