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First published online December 26, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 210-216 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.024893
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Orientation in a crowded environment: can King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus) chicks find their crèches after a displacement?

Anna P. Nesterova1,*, Jérôme Mardon1,2 and Francesco Bonadonna1

1 Behavioural Ecology Group, CEFE–CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
2 AECR Group, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences UWA, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Experimental arena. A circular arena was constructed 100 m away from the three experimental crèches. Chicks were carried from the crèches to the arena along one of the two routes (dotted lines) and were later released through the release box (black rectangle at the west end of the arena). The observations were conducted from two observational posts – east and west (gray circles). The thick gray line represents the edge of the colony, and the thick black line indicates the ocean. Drawing is not to scale.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Time spent in the north half of the arena. Box plots show medians and interquartile ranges for the time (s) chicks spent in the north half of the arena for the high-barrier night, high-barrier day and low-barrier day treatments. The dashed line indicates 450 s, one half of the testing time. Numbers above the x-axis indicate the number of animals that completed the test. The medians for each condition are the following: high-barrier night northern half=475, high-barrier day northern half=605, low-barrier day northern half=560. Significant effects are indicated with an asterisk (*).

 

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  		Fig. 3. The effect of wind on the orientation of chicks in the arena. Box plots show medians and interquartile ranges for the time (s) chicks spent in the north half of the arena when winds blew from the north or from the south directions for the high-barrier night, high-barrier day and low-barrier day treatments. Numbers above the x-axis indicate the number of animals that completed the test. The medians for each condition are the following: high-barrier night northerly wind=500, southerly wind=434; high-barrier day northerly wind=622.5, southerly winds=444, low-barrier day northerly wind=567, southerly wind=560. The significant effect is indicated with an asterisk (*).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. The homing paths of chicks. (A) Five paths undertaken during the night and (B) five paths undertaken during day trials. Three crèches are represented by the gray polygons. In red are two paths of chicks that did not home at night. All chicks homed during the day.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Homing directions at distances of 10 m and 30 m away from the arena. Circular diagrams show the heading of chicks (blue triangles at the periphery) at (A) 10 m and (B) 30 m away from the arena during night and day trials. The arrow from the centre of the diagram indicates the mean heading direction vector. H, homing direction; N, number of birds; r, length of mean vector.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2009