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First published online December 16, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 152-153 (2009)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2009
doi: 10.1242/jeb.024661

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The nearly columnar limbs of elephants are very different from the more flexed, spring action limbs of running mammals and birds

Gregory Paul

3109 N. Calvert Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

View larger version (3K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Comparison of the very different hindfoot form and posture in a running horse and an ambling Asian elephant, both lower legs shown at mid-propulsive stroke, to the same approximate scale. Although there is no ready procedure to measure the exact posture of the elephant foot, its large pad results in a much more functionally columnar orientation than the easily measured strong slope of the horse metatarsus. After image 5 in plate 52 and image 14 in plate 112 of Muybridge (Muybridge, 1957).

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