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First published online April 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1414-1425 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.014290

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Effects of maternal carotenoid availability in relation to sex, parasite infection and health status of nestling kestrels (Falco tinnunculus)

Liesbeth De Neve^1,*, Juan A. Fargallo², Pablo Vergara², Jesús A. Lemus², Manuel Jarén-Galán³ and Inés Luaces⁴

¹ Departamento Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
² Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
³ Departamento de Biotecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC, Avda. Padre Garcia Tejero 4, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
⁴ GIR Diagnostics S.L., C/San Andrés 2, 28180 Torrelaguna Madrid, Spain

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Chromatogram of carotenoid profile in plasma of Eurasian kestrels. Insets show the UV–vis spectra (absorbance vs wavelength nm) of the eluted carotenoids. AU, absorbance units.

View larger version (8K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Plasma carotenoid concentrations in females supplemented with carotenoids and in control females. Results of GLM statistical analysis are given in the text. The left-hand y-axis shows lutein concentration and the right-hand y-axis shows the concentration of the other carotenoids.

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Plasma lutein concentrations (mean ± s.e.m.) in hatchlings, fledglings and breeding females in control and carotenoid-supplemented groups. Filled circles, males; open circles, females.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Least square means (± s.e.m.) of nestling body mass (A), tarsus length (B), wing length (C) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI; D) in control and carotenoid-supplemented groups. Filled circles, males; open circles, females.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Least square means (± s.e.m.) of plasma protein concentrations (A,B) and the albumin to globulin ratio (C) of male and female kestrel nestlings in control and carotenoid-supplemented groups.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Least square means (± s.e.m.) of lymphocyte (A) and heterophile (B) plasma concentrations, and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (C) of male and female kestrel nestlings in control and carotenoid-supplemented groups.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. The percentage of fledglings infected with different intestinal parasite groups: cestodes, nematodes (Espiurida, Porrocaecum, Capillaria) and coccidia (Isospora, Eimeria, Caryospora).

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