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First published online April 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1394-1401 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.014282
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Is there life in the horny layer? Dihydropyridine and ryanodine receptors in the skin of female and male chickens (Gallus domesticus)

Liisa M. Peltonen1,* and Satu Mänttäri2

1 Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, PO Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
2 Department of Biology, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Densities and distribution of dihydropyridine receptors (DHPRs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the skin of coeval adult female (layers) and male chickens. (A) Fluorescence intensities (a.u., arbitrary units) in different skin layers after incubation with a high-affinity (–)-enantiomer of DHP. (B) Fluorescence intensities in different skin layers after incubation in high-affinity (–)-enantiomer of ryanodine. (C) Distribution of DHPRs in the skin of one laying female. (D) Distribution of DHPRs in the skin of one male chicken. (E) Distribution of RyRs in the skin of one laying female. (F) Distribution of RyRs in the skin of one male chicken. Error bars denote the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.); ST-SC, innermost stratum corneum (SC) and the interface between the stratum transitivum (ST) and SC; EPI, mid-epidermis; D, outermost dermis. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, post hoc tests. Bar, 50 µm.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Densities and distribution of DHPRs and RyRs in the skin of coeval adult female (non-layers) and male chickens on a low-Ca2+ diet. (A, B) Fluorescence intensities in different skin layers after incubation with high-affinity (–)-enantiomers of DHP and ryanodine, respectively. (C) Distribution of DHPRs in the skin of one female, non-laying chicken. (D) Distribution of DHPRs in the skin of one coeval male chicken. (E) Distribution of RyRs in the skin of one female, non-laying chicken. (F) Distribution of RyRs in the skin of one male chicken. Error bars denote s.e.m.; ST-SC, innermost SC and the interface between the ST and SC; EPI, mid-epidermis; D, outermost dermis. *P<0.05, post hoc tests. Bar, 50 µm.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Fluorescent staining of DHPRs and RyRs after blocking of the binding sites for DHP and ryanodine by the specific channel antagonists nifedipine (A) and dandrolene (B). Bar, 50 µm.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Activities of ionized Ca2+ in the blood and suction blister fluid (SBF) of female (A) and male (B) chickens in different physiological stages. Error bars denote s.e.m.; ST1, adult females displaying regular laying cycles; ST2, adult females that have gone out of lay; *referred to in Peltonen et al. (Peltonen et al., 2006Go).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. ALP activity in the plasma and SBF of adult female and male chickens in different physiological stages. (A) ALP activity in female chickens. *P<0.05, post hoc tests. (B) ALP activity in male chickens. Error bars denote s.e.m.; ST1, adults of the same age, with females displaying regular laying cycles; ST2, adults of the same age, with females that have gone out of lay. Numbers in the columns denote N. In ST2, ALP activity in plasma and SBF was higher in females than in males (Student's unpaired t-test, P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively).

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Distribution of membrane-bound Ca2+ in different skin layers of adult chickens. (A) Specific fluorescence, obtained with the fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive probe chlorotetracycline, in one laying female. (B) Distribution of Ca2+ in different skin layers of one male chicken. ST-SC, innermost SC and the interface between the ST and SC; EPI, mid-epidermis; D, outermost dermis. Short arrows denote the basal lamina. Bar, 10 µm.

 

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