spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

First published online March 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 1203-1210 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.012963
This Article
Right arrow Summary Freely available
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Cummings, M. E.
Right arrow Articles by Ryan, M. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow Articles by Cummings, M. E.
Right arrow Articles by Ryan, M. J.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Visual sensitivity to a conspicuous male cue varies by reproductive state in Physalaemus pustulosus females

Molly E. Cummings1,*, Ximena E. Bernal1, Roberto Reynaga1, A. Stanley Rand2 and Michael J. Ryan1,2

1 Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama


Figure 1
View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. (A) Optomotor device and male túngara with inflated vocal sac. (B) Optomotor stimuli and illumination spectra. Túngara-specific optomotor stripe reflectance: representative male inflated vocal sac spectral reflectance (solid line) and inflated vocal sac imitation stripes (spectral filters: Lee 185 + GamColor 305 + GamColor 1516 above white construction paper; broken line). Moonlight irradiance measurements (filled circles) in air and under clear skies [recreated from figure 4C in McFarland (McFarland, 1991Go)], and spectral irradiance measurements of our optomotor moonlight mimic illumination (open circles; Dolan-Jenner + Lee 138 filter). Both spectra were normalized to the flux at 600 nm. (C) Optomotor illumination intensities for each of the six trial settings.

 

Figure 2
View larger version (19K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 2. Male túngara and background spectral reflectance. (A) Average spectral reflectance of body regions from 15 male túngaras (solid lines) including head (+), dorsal ({blacktriangleup}), ventral ({triangleup}), non-inflated vocal sac (•) and inflated vocal sac ({circ}). Average background material spectral reflectance is also shown (broken lines) including mud (•), stone ({blacksquare}) and dead leaves ({diamondsuit}). (B) Average spectral reflectance of the vocal sac of a representative male túngara frog in non-inflated (•) and inflated ({circ}) states. Mean ± s.e.m. reflectance data include replicates made in left, middle and right areas of the vocal sac.

 

Figure 3
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 3. Repeat testing of 14 túngara females and the optomotor trial setting of their threshold response. (A) Females initially tested in the reproductive state (N=8), and (B) females initially tested in the non-reproductive state (N=6). Each line connects the threshold responses for a single female with arrowheads indicating the direction of sensitivity change between the first and second testing dates. Asterisks indicate additional females exhibiting the same initial threshold response.

 

Figure 4
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 4. Box and whisker plots of visual sensitivity thresholds (trial setting of threshold response and corresponding intensity levels) across three testing groups: males (gray, N=22); females in a non-reproductive state (white, N=20) and reproductive state females (cross-hatched; N=12). The center horizontal line marks the median of the sample, and the length of each box shows the range containing 50% of all values with the box edges representing the first and third quartiles. The open circles represent far outside values or outliers (>first or third quartile ± 3xinterquartile range). Each group includes data from individuals obtained on their initial test only. *P<0.05.

 

Figure 5
View larger version (9K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 5. (A) Optomotor threshold response by size (SVL, snout-to-vent length) across all three testing groups: males (gray triangles), non-reproductive females (open circles) and reproductive females (filled circles). (B) Optomotor threshold response by testing month across all three testing groups where 1 is January and 12 is December.

 

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008