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First published online January 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 447-458 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.013649
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Cutaneous water loss and sphingolipids in the stratum corneum of house sparrows, Passer domesticus L., from desert and mesic environments as determined by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure photospray ionization mass spectrometry

Agustí Muñoz-Garcia1,*, Jennifer Ro1, Johnie C. Brown2 and Joseph B. Williams1

1 Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 300 Aronoff Lab, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
2 Applied Biosystems, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA 01710, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Chemical structure of sphingolipid families found in the SC of house sparrows. (A) Ceramides. (B) Cerebrosides and diosylceramides (DIOS). Ceramides and cerebrosides are ordered from the least to the most polar. For definitions, see text.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Distributions of the amount of lipid in millimoles per gram of dry SC within sphingolipid families in the SC of desert (white bars) and mesic (black bars) house sparrows. (A) Ceramides. (B) Cerebrosides and diosylceramides. There were significant differences between desert and mesic sparrows in the distributions of cerebrosides NP, EOH, AS-NH, AH and NH (Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Z>1.423, P<0.035).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the number of moles per gram of dry SC of each sphingolipid family in the SC of house sparrows. (A) Scores for individual house sparrows from desert (open circles) and mesic environments (filled circles). (B) Eigenvectors for each sphingolipid family. Abbreviations: CEOS, ceramide EOS; CNS, ceramide NS; CEOH, ceramide EOH; CAH, ceramide AH; NS, cerebroside NS; NP, cerebroside NP; EOH, cerebroside EOH; AS-NH, cerebroside AS-NH; AH, cerebroside AH; NH, cerebroside NH; DIOS, diosylceramides. O, origin of coordinates.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. PCA based on amount in milligrams of lipid per gram of dry SC of each sphingolipid family in the SC of house sparrows. (A) Scores for individual house sparrows from desert (open circles) and mesic environments (filled circles). (B) Eigenvectors for each sphingolipid family. Abbreviations as in Fig. 3.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Distribution of lipid amounts (millimoles of lipid per gram of dry SC) of sphingolipids according to the chain length of the fatty acid moiety.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Relationship between cutaneous water loss (CWL) and PC 1, PC 2 and PC 3 extracted from PCA based on the number of millimoles per gram of dry SC in each sphingolipid family from the SC of house sparrows from desert (open circles) and mesic environments (filled circles). Plots with regression lines indicate statistical significance (P<0.03).

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Relationship between CWL and PC 1 and PC 2 extracted from PCA based on the amount in milligrams per gram of dry SC in each sphingolipid family from the SC of house sparrows from desert (open circles) and mesic environments (filled circles). Plots with regression lines indicate statistical significance (P<0.05).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. Hypothesized model for the organization of lipids in the intercellular spaces of the SC in house sparrows from mesic and desert environments. In sparrows, lamellae would be formed by three layers of lipids; two outer layers consisting of ceramides, and an inner layer formed by cerebrosides and free fatty acids. Ceramides would form a highly ordered structure, whereas the inner layer would be more fluid. In this model, we assume that the chain lengths of free fatty acids would be the same between desert and mesic individuals.

 




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