spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

First published online January 18, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 361-369 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.012617
This Article
Right arrow Summary Freely available
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplementary Material
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sison-Mangus, M. P.
Right arrow Articles by Kelber, A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sison-Mangus, M. P.
Right arrow Articles by Kelber, A.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

The lycaenid butterfly Polyommatus icarus uses a duplicated blue opsin to see green

Marilou P. Sison-Mangus1, Adriana D. Briscoe1, Guillermo Zaccardi2,*, Helge Knüttel3 and Almut Kelber2,{dagger}

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
2 Vision Group, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
3 Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany


Figure 1
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. Normalized absorbance spectra for the visual pigments of L. rubidus based on the Bernard template for idealized spectra (see Palacios et al., 1996Go) and {lambda}max values measured by epi-microspectrophotometry (Bernard and Remington, 1991Go). The identities of the pigments are indicated by color (UV, gray; B1, dark blue; B2, light blue; LW, orange). The vertical broken lines correspond to the wavelengths of the color stimuli used in the behavioral tests.

 

Figure 2
View larger version (70K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 2. Ommatidia, filtering pigment distribution and pattern of opsin gene expression in lycaenid butterflies. (A) Longitudinal (left) and tangential views (right) of the two types of ommatidia in the ventral eye of P. icarus, non-pigmented (I) and red-pigmented (II). Purple pupillary pigments are also present distally all in R1–8 photoreceptor cells regulating the amount of light entering each ommatidium. c, cornea; cc, crystalline cone; 9, the ninth photoreceptor; tp, tapetum; L, lamina; M, medulla. (B) Red-filtering pigment in the lateral eye of P. icarus is present in some ommatidia (a) and absent in others (b). (C) Cartoon of the six ommatidial subtypes found in the ventral retina of L. rubidus with respect to the non-overlapping expression of UVRh (UV, gray), BRh1 (B1, dark blue) and BRh2 (B2, light blue) mRNAs in R1 and R2 photoreceptor cells. The LWRh mRNA (orange) is expressed in the R3–8 cells. Note: the red-filtering pigment (red dots) of L rubidus is coordinately expressed in the same ommatidia as those expressing BRh2. Experimental data upon which the cartoon is based are from Sison-Mangus et al. (Sison-Mangus et al., 2006Go).

 

Figure 3
View larger version (95K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 3. Eye-shine of a female P. icarus. Ommatidia looking into the dorsal direction (D) reflect yellow while yellow- and red-reflecting ommatidia are concentrated in the area looking ventrally (V). Red-reflecting ommatidia are present in greater number in the eye region looking anteriorly (A) than in the eye region looking laterally (L). Scale bar, 50 µm.

 

Figure 4
View larger version (39K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 4. Phylogenies of lepidopteran LW and B opsin genes. The tree is based upon a neighbor-joining analysis of nucleotide sites using Tamura–Nei model of evolution with a correction for heterogenous patterns of nucleotide substitution among lineages. The reliability of the tree was tested using 1000 bootstrap replicates. Only bootstrap support values >50% are shown. (A) The LW opsin gene tree was reconstructed using the first and second nucleotide positions (742 sites). (B) The B opsin gene tree was reconstructed using all nucleotide positions (1055 sites). GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Agriades glandon (BRh1, DQ402502; BRh2, DQ402503); Apodemia mormo (BRh, AY587906; LWRh1, AY587907; LWRh2, AY587908); Bicyclus anynana (Blue, AY918894; LW, AY918895); Colias philodice (V, AY918899); Danaus plexippus (Blue, AY605544; LW, AY605545); Heliconius erato (Blue, AY918906; LW, AY918907); Heliconius melpomene (Blue, AY918897); Limenitis arthemis astyanax (Blue, AY918902; LWRh, DQ212962); Lycaena rubidus (LWRh, AY587901; BRh1, AY587902; BRh2, AY587903); Manduca sexta (Manop1, L78080; Manop3, AD001674); Nymphalis antiopa (Blue, AY918893); Papilio glaucus (PglRh1, AF077189; PglRh2, AF077190; PglRh3, AF067080; Blue, AF077192); Papilio xuthus (PxRh1, AB007423; PxRh2, AB007425; PxRh3, AB007425; PxRh4, AB028217); Pieris rapae (PrB, AB208675; PrV, AB208674; PrL, AB188567); Polyommatus icarus (BRh1, DQ402500; BRh2, DQ402501); Satyrium behrii (BRh1, DQ402498; BRh2, DQ402499), and Vanessa cardui (VanG, AY613986; VanB, AY613987). GenBank accession number of the newly cloned Polyommatus icarus LWRh is EU088114 (orange).

 

Figure 5
View larger version (8K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 5. Red color discrimination. Percent choices of P. icarus for the rewarded yellow, as a function of the ratio between the intensities of the rewarded and the unrewarded color. The number of choices made for each test and intensity ratio is indicated. (A) Choices made by 70 animals in tests with yellow and blue. G-test, P<0.05 for all intensity ratios. (B) Choices made by 86 animals in tests with yellow and red. G-test, P<0.05 for all ratios of intensity except 0.25. Note that the choice frequency for the rewarded color is significantly lower than chance in the test with 0.1 intensity ratio.

 

Figure 6
View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 6. Green color discrimination. Percent choices of P. icarus for the rewarded four training colors, in relation to the ratio between the intensities of the rewarded (+) color and unrewarded color. Each symbol represents one individual animal's performance and the line, the average. (A) Six P. icarus trained to 590 nm as the rewarded color and 450 nm as the unrewarded color. All choices differ significantly from chance (P<0.05). (B) Five of the same individuals as in A trained to 590 nm as the rewarded color and 570 nm as the unrewarded color. Only choices at intensity ratio of 10 differ significantly from chance (P<0.05) and not the choices at intensity ratios of 0.1 and 1 (P>0.05). (C) Three of the same individuals as in A trained to 590 nm as the rewarded (+) color and 560 nm as the unrewarded color. Correct choices were made more than 75% of the time at intensity ratio of 0.1 and the choices of individuals 2 and 4 differ significantly from chance at intensity ratios of 1 and 10 (P<0.05). (D) Eight new individuals trained at 560 nm as the rewarded color and 590 nm as the unrewarded color. All choices made by every single individual differ significantly from chance (P<0.05).

 

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008