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First published online November 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3915-3926 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.019281

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The effect of acute temperature increases on the cardiorespiratory performance of resting and swimming sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

M. F. Steinhausen^*, E. Sandblom, E. J. Eliason, C. Verhille and A. P. Farrell

Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4

View larger version (5K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The percentage of swimmers remaining at each acute temperature challenge (100%=15 salmon). The temperature for 50% failure is interpolated as 23.5°C. The line is fitted using a sigmoidal dose-response equation: (1) where y is the proportion of fish swimming, x is temperature and the parameters min, max and EC50 are estimated from data.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Oxygen consumption (O2) and (B) cardiac output () of resting (•) and swimming () sockeye salmon during an acute temperature increase of 2°C h–1. For swimming fish, an initial resting value at 15°C was obtained prior to swimming (). At the end of the acute temperature increment, water velocity for the swimming fish was immediately decreased to the resting level and the temperature was decreased to 15°C over an hour before a recovery measurement was recorded for both groups. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within the same group. An asterisk indicates a significant difference between resting and swimming fish at a given temperature.

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The ranges for O2 (x), () and fH () from the mean values presented in Figs 2 and 4A. Range was calculated as the difference between the routine and active value at a given temperature. Then to allow comparisons between the three variables, range was expressed as a percentage of the maximum value (either 17°C or 19°C).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) Heart rate (fH) and (B) stroke volume (Vs) of resting (•) and swimming () sockeye salmon during an acute temperature increase of 2°C h–1. Before swimming, a resting value was obtained at 15°C (). At the end of the acute temperature increments, the water velocity for the swimming fish was immediately decreased to the resting value and the temperature was decreased to 15°C over an hour for both groups before a recovery measurement was conducted. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between resting and swimming fish at a given temperature.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Blood pH for (A) resting and (B) swimming fish during an acute temperature increase of 2°C h–1. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between the arterial and venous values at a given temperature.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. (A) Plasma lactate levels, (B) plasma cortisol concentrations and (C) plasma potassium concentrations in resting (x) and swimming () sockeye salmon during an acute temperature increase. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between resting and swimming fish at a given temperature.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Oxygen partial pressure (PO2) of arterial (red symbols) and venous blood (blue symbols) from (A) resting and (B) swimming sockeye salmon during acute temperature increase. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between arterial and venous blood samples.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Oxygen content (CO2) of arterial (red symbols) and venous blood (blue symbols) from (A) resting and (B) swimming sockeye salmon during an acute temperature increase. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between arterial and venous blood samples at a given temperature.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. (A) Arterial oxygen delivery (TaO2) and (B) oxygen extraction (AO2) of resting (x) and swimming () sockeye salmon during an acute temperature increase of 2°C h–1. All values are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate significant differences between temperatures within a group, whereas an asterisk indicates a significant difference between resting and swimming fish at a given temperature.

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