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First published online November 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3859-3870 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.024117
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Switching to fast growth: the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in skeletal muscle of Atlantic salmon

Neil I. Bower1, Xuejun Li1,*, Richard Taylor2 and Ian A. Johnston1,{dagger}

1 Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
2 EWOS Innovation, 4335 Dirdal, Norway


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Amino acid alignment for insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) 1–6. Conserved cysteine residues are indicated by a bold asterisk above the alignment. The CWCV and GCGCCXXC, RGD and heparin binding motifs are highlighted in bold text. The predicted nuclear localisation signal for IGFBP-5.1 is underlined. The asterisks below the alignment indicate completely conserved residues; :, indicates highly conserved residues;., indicates less conserved residues.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Change in body mass over the time course of the experiment. Fish were fed a maintenance diet for 22 days to achieve zero or slightly negative growth rate, and then fed to satiation with a commercial fish feed (EWOS Innovation) to stimulate rapid growth. Values represent means ± s.e.m., N=10 per sample point.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Expression profiles for IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF receptors IGFR1a, IGFR1b and IGF2R in fast skeletal muscle of Atlantic salmon from fish with zero growth rate (0 days) that were then fed to satiation and sampled at 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. Gene expression was normalised to the geometric average of three reference genes (Genorm analysis); see text for details. Values represent means ± s.e.m., 10 fish per sample point. Significant differences between means are indicated by different letters.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Expression profiles for IGFBPs 2–6 and IGFBP-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1) in fast muscle of Atlantic salmon from fish with zero growth rate (0 days) that were then fed to satiation at days 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 and 60. Gene expression was normalised to the geometric average of three reference genes (Genorm analysis); see text for details. Values represent means ± s.e.m., 10 fish per sample point. Significant differences between means are indicated by different letters.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Expression profiles for myogenin, MHC and MLC2 in fast muscle of Atlantic salmon from fish with zero growth rate (0 days) that were then fed to satiation at 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. Gene expression was normalised to the geometric average of three reference genes (Genorm analysis); see text for details. Values represent means ± s.e.m., 10 fish per sample point. Significant differences between means are indicated by different letters.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Heat map summary and hierarchical clustering for components of the IGF signalling pathway during the transition from zero growth (day 0) to fast growth at 3 to 60 days (A). Rows are standardised to have a mean of 0 and s.d. of 1 so that red indicates high and green indicates low values. Regression analysis (10 fish per sample point) showing negative correlation (B) between IGF-I and IGFR1a (r2=–0.72, P=0.016), and positive correlation (C) between IGF-I and IGFBP-4 (r2=0.62, P=0.036), (D) IGF-II and IGF2R (r2=0.72, P=0.015), (E) MLC2 and IGFBP-rP1 (r2=0.93, P=0.0001) and (F) MHC and myogenin (r2=0.79, P=0.007).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008