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First published online November 28, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3850-3858 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.024232
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Physiological and morphological colour change in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba: a field study in the Lazarev Sea

Lutz Auerswald1,*, Ulrich Freier2, Andreas Lopata3,4 and Bettina Meyer2

1 Marine and Coastal Management, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
2 Scientific Division Biological Oceanography, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
3 Division of Immunology, IIDMM-Institute, University of Cape Town, 7925 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
4 School of Applied Sciences, Allergy Research Group, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Study area in the Lazarev Sea (dark grey).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Chromatophore index (CI) of (A) an erythrophore from the fifth abdominal segment of a sub-adult krill and, for comparison, (B) of the frog, Xenopus laevis, taken from Hogben and Slome (Hogben and Slome, 1931Go). The CI ranges from 1 (pigment completely aggregated) to CI 5 (pigment fully dispersed).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Light-exposed (top) and dark-adapted (bottom) sub-adult male krill. Scale bar, 5 mm. Arrows indicate the 5th abdominal segment that was used in most experiments.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Single chromatophores from the 5th abdominal segment of a sub-adult male krill (cuticle removed from abdomen) at CI 4–5. Scale bar, 50 µm.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Distribution of chromatophores at a sub-adult E. superba. (A) Dorsal view of the anterior region and (B) last two abdominal segments and telson; (C) lateral view of the third to fifth abdominal segments (numbered from the thorax) and (D) of thoracopods of the filtering basket. Scale bars, 2 mm.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Course of the chromatophore index (CI) of lateral chromatophores from the fifth abdominal segment of a sub-adult male krill during a period of complete darkness. No significant differences were found (ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey test, P<0.05). Values are means ± s.d. (N=6).

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Chromatophore index (CI) of lateral chromatophores from the fifth abdominal segment of disturbed and undisturbed dark-adapted sub-adult male krill. *Significantly different to undisturbed krill (P<0.05, Student's t-test). Values are means ± s.d. (N=6).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. Time course of chromatophore index (CI) in lateral chromatophores from the fifth abdominal segment of sub-adult male krill during exposure to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and after subsequent return to complete darkness. *Significantly different to starting value (P<0.05, paired t-test). Values are means ± s.d. (N=6).

 

Figure 9
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  		Fig. 9. Change in chromatophore index (CI) following exposure to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), UVA and UVB radiation in comparison with a dark-adapted control. Different lower-case letters indicate significant difference (ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey test, P<0.05).Values are means ± s.d. (N=8).

 

Figure 10
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  		Fig. 10. Dose-dependent change in chromatophore index (CI) following exposure to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), r2=0.9936. *First change of CI that is significantly different from that of the lowest dose (ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett test). Values are means ± s.d. (N=8).

 

Figure 11
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  		Fig. 11. A group of chromatophores from the fifth abdominal segment of a sub-adult krill (lateral view) during dispersion of pigment (from top left to bottom right). Scale bar, 1 mm.

 

Figure 12
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  		Fig. 12. Seasonal comparison of time course of chromatophore index (CI) in lateral chromatophores from the fifth abdominal segment of adult male krill during exposure to PAR. Filled circles, winter; open circles, summer krill. Values are means ± s.d. (N=5).

 

Figure 13
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  		Fig. 13. Difference in chromatophore coverage of the abdominal segments (numbered from thorax, in top picture) of sub-adults of E. superba caught in winter (A) and summer (B). Scale bars, 2 mm.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008