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First published online October 31, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3573-3580 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.023655

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Metabolic costs of foraging and the management of O₂ and CO₂ stores in Steller sea lions

Andreas Fahlman^1,*, Caroline Svärd^1,2, David A. S. Rosen¹, David R. Jones³ and Andrew W. Trites¹

¹ Marine Mammal Research Unit, Fisheries Centre, Room 247, Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada
² Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköpings Universitet, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden
³ Zoology Animal Care, 6199 South Campus Road, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Instantaneous oxygen consumption (O2; red line), instantaneous carbon dioxide production (CO2; blue line) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2/O2; grey line) during a representative series of five spontaneous dives by a Steller sea lion to 40 m (A), and during a single surface interval after the fourth dive in the series (B). Dive depth is shown by the black line, and O2 and CO2 have been corrected for delay in response of gas analyzer and flow through the system.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Relationship between mass-corrected metabolism during a dive event (dive+surface interval; sDMR in l O2 min–1 kg–1) and dive duration for three Steller sea lions diving repeatedly to 10–50 m depths. Each dive was separated by a surface interval determined by the sea lion (spontaneous trials; open circles) or by the researcher (conditioned trials; filled squares). Surface intervals during conditioned trials were long enough for O2 to return to pre-dive levels between each dive. sDMR was estimated using a mass exponent of 1.0. The solid grey line is pre-diving resting metabolism (±1 s.d., N=191; grey dashed line) for all sea lions.

View larger version (9K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relationship between mass-corrected metabolism of a dive event (l O2 min–1 kg–1, sDMR, dive+surface interval) and duration of the surface interval for three Steller sea lions diving repeatedly to 10–50 m depths. Each dive was separated by a surface interval determined by the sea lion (spontaneous trials; open circles) or by the researcher (conditioned trials; filled squares). Surface intervals during conditioned trials were long enough for O2 to return to pre-dive levels between each dive. sDMR was estimated using a mass exponent of 1.0. The solid grey line indicates pre-diving resting metabolism (±1 s.d., N=191; grey dashed line) for all sea lions.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Relationship between the rate of CO2 production (CO2) and (A) duration of dives or (B) surface intervals between dives for three Steller sea lions diving repeatedly to 10–50 m depths. Each dive was separated by a surface interval determined by the sea lion (spontaneous trials; open circles) or by the researcher (conditioned trials; filled circles). Surface intervals during conditioned trials were long enough for CO2 to return to pre-dive levels between each dive. The solid grey line indicates the pre-diving CO2 (±1 s.d., N=191; grey dashed line) for all sea lions.

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