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First published online September 5, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 3041-3056 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.018242
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Fish and chips: functional genomics of social plasticity in an African cichlid fish

Susan C. P. Renn*, Nadia Aubin-Horth{dagger} and Hans A. Hofmann{ddagger}

Harvard University, Bauer Center for Genomics Research, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Schematic representation of (A) phenotypic and (B) physiological characteristics associated with dominant (D) and subordinate (S) male phenotypes in A. burtoni. The graphs are based on the following studies: gonad size (Hofmann and Fernald, 2000Go); growth (Hofmann et al., 1999aGo); GnRH1 (White et al., 2002Go); testosterone (Francis et al., 1993Go); somatostatin (Hofmann and Fernald, 2000Go); growth hormone (Hofmann et al., 1999bGo); and cortisol (Fox et al., 1997Go).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Social behavior varied significantly and predictably between the dominant (D) and subordinate (S) males. y-axis represents (A,C) the percent time or (B,D,E,F) the mean number of observed events per 10 min focal observation. The numbers identify individual males (filled circles, dominants; open squares, subordinates).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Analysis, at all Gene Ontology (GO) levels, revealed 22 categories that were statistically over- (red) or under- (blue) represented. The three separate GO vocabularies (molecular function, biological process and cellular location) provide overlapping information, as many of the genes are annotated according to each. P-values represent uncorrected results for the hypergeometric test. GO number and name are according to 200605 releases.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Venn diagram depicting the relationship of sexually regulated and socially regulated genes. These relationships subdivide the gene classes to indicate modules of gene expression that potentially underlie reproduction (orange), submissive behavior (lavender), and super-male dominance (green) and opposing super-male dominance (teal). Numbers indicate total unique sequences and unsequenced array features. Gene names given represent best-hit blast annotation for available sequences. The Venn diagram indicates regulation at a BPP of >0.99, (the specific BPP, down to 0.80, for regulation is indicated in supplementary material Tables S1 and S2)

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Hierarchical clustering of phenotypes (A) and individuals (B) (based on expression profiles for the genes regulated at level of phenotype). The genes have been ordered according to k-means clustering. The heatmaps (red, upregulated, green, downregulated) show estimated gene expression levels. Heat values are relative only within, not across, genes. The numbers identify individual males consistent with Fig. 2. Confidence values at the nodes were obtained by bootstrap analysis (1000 permutations with resampling). The colors indicate S, subordinate males in teal; D, dominant males in gold; and F, brooding females in pink.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008