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First published online September 5, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2969-2975 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.019695
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Urea loading enhances freezing survival and postfreeze recovery in a terrestrially hibernating frog

Jon P. Costanzo* and Richard E. Lee, Jr

Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Dynamics of recovery from freezing at –4°C in Rana sylvatica administered saline (open symbols) or saline containing urea (filled symbols). Data are presented as the cumulative frequency of the sample (N=14) exhibiting limb retraction reflex, normal posture and righting reflex at various time intervals following the onset of thawing.

 

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  		Fig. 2. Indices of cryoinjury in Rana sylvatica administered saline (open bars), or saline containing urea (filled bars), prior to freezing at –4°C. Response variables are plasma LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activity (i.u. ml–1), plasma CK (creatine kinase) activity (mi.u. ml–1), and plasma Hb (hemoglobin) concentration (mg ml–1). Values are means ± 1 s.e.m., N=5 frogs per group. Asterisk indicates that means differed at P<0.05.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008