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First published online August 8, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2638-2646 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.018598
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High mitochondrial densities in the hearts of Antarctic icefishes are maintained by an increase in mitochondrial size rather than mitochondrial biogenesis

Matthew R. Urschel and Kristin M. O'Brien*

University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Institute of Arctic Biology, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Expression level of genes mediating mitochondrial biogenesis in heart ventricles of notothenioid fishes that vary in expression of Hb and Mb. The relative expression levels of (A) PGC-1{alpha} and (B) NRF-1 were quantified using qRT-PCR. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8).

 

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  		Fig. 2. Quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number in heart ventricles of Antarctic notothenioids that vary in the expression of Hb and Mb. The mitochondrial-to-nuclear DNA ratio (mtDNA:nDNA) was quantified using qRT-PCR. The copy numbers of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S) were measured as indices of mtDNA copy number. Nuclear DNA copy number was quantified by measuring the copy number of citrate synthase (CS). Values were normalized to the mtDNA:nDNA ratio in N. coriiceps. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=6).

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. The expression level of citrate synthase (CS) in heart ventricles of Antarctic notothenioids that vary in the expression of Hb and Mb. The relative expression level of CS was measured using qRT-PCR. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=8).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. The expression level of genes mediating mitochondrial biogenesis in pectoral adductor and glycolytic skeletal muscles of N. coriiceps. The relative expression levels of (A) PGC-1{alpha} and (B) NRF-1 were quantified using qRT-PCR. The asterisk denotes a significant difference in expression between the two tissue types (P<0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m. N=4 for PGC-1{alpha}; N=8 for NRF-1.

 

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  		Fig. 5. Transmission electron micrographs of mitochondria within heart ventricular tissue of red- and white-blooded Antarctic notothenioids. The mitochondria are significantly smaller in hearts of (A) N. coriiceps (+Hb/+Mb) compared with (B) C. aceratus (–Hb/–Mb). Micrographs of ventricular tissue were taken at a final magnification of x75 700. Bar, 100 nm; Mit, mitochondria.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008