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First published online July 14, 2008
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 2442-2449 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.017749
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Caste differences in venom volatiles and their effect on alarm behaviour in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus (Christ)

Claudia Bruschini1,*, Rita Cervo1, Ilaria Protti1 and Stefano Turillazzi1,2

1 Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica `Leo Pardi', Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
2 Centro Interdipartimentale di Spettrometria di Massa (C.I.S.M.), Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Comparison of the mean relative percentages of specific groups of compounds [for spiroacetals we summed components 4, 6, 7, 8, 10; for N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide, component 5; for acetates we summed components 3, 13, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42 as shown in Table 1] in the venom volatiles fraction of P. dominulus foundresses (N=17) and workers (N=20). **P<=0.005. Open circles indicate outliers. Box-plots show the 75th and 25th percentiles as the box, the median as the line in the box, and the extremes as the vertical lines.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Chromatograms of the venom volatiles from a single specimen of (A) a P. dominulus worker and (B) a P. dominulus foundress. The peak numbers indicate components as shown in Table 1.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) separating 20 P. dominulus workers (w.1+w.2) and 17 P. dominulus foundresses (f.1+f.2) on the basis of the venom volatiles. DA correctly discriminated 100% of the females belonging to the two castes.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. The number of P. dominulus wasps from 15 nests that showed the four recorded behaviours (LN, leaving the nest; LT, landing on the target; BA, bending the abdomen in an attempt to sting the target; S, stings) after the simultaneous presentation of a visual and a chemical stimulus (black, worker venom extract; grey, foundress venom extract; white, CH2Cl2 as a control). The asterisk indicates significant differences within behaviours (with a P value less than {alpha}/number of comparisons 0.05/3=0.0167). Box-plots show the 75th and 25th percentiles as the box, the median as the line in the box and the extremes as the vertical lines.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2008