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First published online December 14, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 121-127 (2008)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2008
doi: 10.1242/jeb.007583
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The thermal properties of beeswaxes: unexpected findings

Robert Buchwald1,*,{dagger}, Michael D. Breed1 and Alan R. Greenberg2

1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 334, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 427, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Representative Apini wax thermogram (Apis andreniformis) that defines the four parameters listed in Table 2: onset, peak and end of melting temperature, as well as the heat of fusion. The last is proportional to the area under the melting curve (gray) divided by the sample mass.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Representative Meliponini thermogram (Melipona quadrifasciatta).

 

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  		Fig. 3. Representative Bombini thermogram (Bombus impatiens).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Melting properties of seven Apis subspecies (means ± s.e.m.): melting onset (A), end of melting (B), major melting peak (C), melting range (D), and heat of fusion (E). Letters above bars denote statistical groupings: subspecies with no letters in common are different from each other. Species are also grouped by subgenus as dwarf, giant or cavity-nesting honeybees.

 




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