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First published online April 20, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1576-1583 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.000133
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Computational biology of cardiac myocytes: proposed standards for the physiome

Nicolas P. Smith1,2,*, Edmund J. Crampin2, Steven A. Niederer1,2, James B. Bassingthwaighte3 and Daniel A. Beard4

1 University Computing Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QD, UK
2 Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
3 University of Washington, Seattle, USA
4 Medical College Wisconsin, WI, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of (A) a `thermodynamic box' representation of an enzymatic cycle coupled to ATP hydrolysis, as used to model the sodium pump, and (B) the electrophysiological, contraction and pH regulatory components in the coupled myocyte model. E, enzyme; I, current. Other abbreviations and further explanation are available elsewhere (Crampin and Smith, 2006Go).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. (A) Isometric tension data at varying strains. Solid data points represent measurements taken under physiological conditions used to fit the model. The remaining data are plotted as crosses. (B) Schematic diagram of the model of muscle cell oxidative energy metabolism.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Coupled electromechanics simulation at diastolic (A) and systolic (B) states. The coloured surfaces indicate active tension with blue corresponding to 0 kPa and red to 50 kPa. The model uses a simplified left ventricular geometry, tension is calculated using the electrophysiology model (Crampin and Smith, 2006Go) coupled with the active contraction model (Niederer et al., 2006Go), and passive material laws are defined by the Pole Zero law (Nash and Hunter, 2000Go). The equations were solved as previously described (Nickerson et al., 2005Go).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Citation tree for the source of the (A) binding affinity of Ca2+ to troponin C and (B) binding affinity of Ca2+ to calsequestrin parameter, in cardiac myocyte mathematical models. Grey and white boxes indicate experimental and modelling studies, respectively.

 




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