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First published online March 31, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1398-1405 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02752

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The effect of decoupling olfactory and visual stimuli on the foraging behavior of Manduca sexta

Joaquín Goyret^1,*, Poppy M. Markwell² and Robert A. Raguso¹

¹ Department of Biological Sciences, Coker Life Sciences Building, 700 Sumter Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
² Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA

View larger version (3K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Upwind view of the inside of the wind tunnel (3x1.5x1.5 m) showing the odor source (i.e. cotton swab) and the artificial flower (diameter, 9 cm), which could be displaced by moving it left or right in the same plane (as shown by double-ended arrows).

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A) Percentages of individual moths (sample replicates in parentheses) that approached only (grey bars) or approached and probed (black bars) at seven different spatial manipulations of sensory stimuli in a wind tunnel. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments for the `approach and probing' variable. *Based on the response of one moth. (B) Mean ± confidence interval (=0.05) of time elapsed between take-off and approach to the visual target under different conditions of visual and olfactory cue presentation (see Materials and methods and Table 2 for experimental and statistical details). Asterisk denotes significant differences for the `approach time' variable between the positive control and the treatments in which odor and visual stimuli were spatially separated. Numbers in parentheses are moths that approached the visual target and thus represent a subset of sample sizes given in Fig. 2A.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. (A) Percentages of individual moths (sample replicates in parentheses) that approached only (grey bars) or approached and probed (black bars) at four different temporal manipulations of sensory stimuli in a wind tunnel (see Materials and methods and Table 2 for experimental and statistical details). Different letters denote significant differences between treatments for the probing variable. *Based on the response of two moths. (B) Median ± first and third quartiles of the time elapsed between take-off and approach to the visual target under different conditions of odor presentation (see Materials and methods and Table 2 for experimental and statistical details). Different letters denote significant differences between treatments for the `approach time' variable. Numbers in parentheses are moths that approached the visual target and thus are a subset of the sample sizes given in Fig. 3A.

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. (A) First choice made by single M. sexta flying in a wind tunnel (N=33). Different proportions are statistically significant (binomial test; P<0.0001). (B) Stimuli visited by single M. sexta within a 5 min foraging bout in the wind tunnel (unrewarded flower model) (N=33). Mean number of visits ± s.e.m.: visual target=3.41±0.49; odor source=1.62±0.16 (F1,43=5.60, P=0.023; ANOVA with square root transformation).