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First published online January 31, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 602-613 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02675
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Variation in estradiol level affects cortical bone growth in response to mechanical loading in sheep

Maureen J. Devlin* and Daniel E. Lieberman

Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Hypothesized mechanism of interaction of E2, ER-{alpha} and strain in osteoblasts. Left, E2 levels are lower and osteoblasts express fewer ER-{alpha} receptors, decreasing strain sensitivity. Right, higher E2 upregulates osteoblast expression of ER-{alpha}, increasing strain sensitivity and causing greater osteogenic response to identical mechanical loading.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Neutral axis (NA) location at 25%, 50% and 75% of stance phase in tibia and metatarsal (after Lieberman et al., 2004Go). Anterior is at top, lateral to the left. Scale bar, 10 mm. Despite NA rotation, strains remain higher on the anterior and posterior than the medial and lateral cortices, 300–800 µ{epsilon} vs 0–300 µ{epsilon}, respectively.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Regression of bone added (mm2) vs body mass (kg0.66). (A) Femur, (B) tibia, (C) metatarsal.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Residuals of bone added vs body mass. (A) Femur, (B) tibia, (C) metatarsal. Letters indicate significantly different from aHE, bNE group. (P<0.05, ANOVA, post-hoc Fisher's LSD test).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Cross-sectional properties of tibia, relative to body mass and limb length. (A) IN, INy, J. (B) ZNt, ZNc. n.s., not significant.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Linear bone growth of tibia. Anterior and Posterior indicate growth at sites of maximal strain on anterior (cranial) and posterior (caudal) cortices; Medial and Lateral indicate growth at intersection of neutral axis (NA) with medial and lateral cortices. Letters indicate significantly different from aHE or bNE (P<0.05, ANOVA, post-hoc Fisher's LSD test).

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Cross-sectional properties of metatarsal, relative to body mass and limb length. (A) IN, INy, J. (B) ZNt, ZNc. Letters indicate significantly different from aHE or bNE (P<0.05, ANOVA, post-hoc Fisher's LSD test).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. Linear bone growth of metatarsal. Anterior and Posterior indicate growth at sites of maximal strain on (cranial) and posterior (caudal) cortices; Medial and Lateral indicate growth at intersection of neutral axis (NA) with medial and lateral cortices. Letters indicate significantly different from aHE or bNE (P<0.05, ANOVA, post-hoc Fisher's LSD test).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007