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First published online November 30, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 4411-4417 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.010488

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Octopamine partially restores walking in hypokinetic cockroaches stung by the parasitoid wasp Ampulex compressa

Lior Ann Rosenberg, Jose Gustavo Glusman and Frederic Libersat^*

Department of Life Sciences and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Hemolymph-injection of an octopamine receptor agonist (CDM) significantly increases spontaneous walking over a 10 min period in stung cockroaches compared to both saline-injected stung and control cockroaches (***P<0.001 and *P<0.05, respectively). Pairwise comparisons of saline-injected individuals shows that stung cockroaches walk significantly less than control cockroaches (*P<0.05).

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Time course of the effect of chlordimeform (CDM) in stung cockroaches. The effect of the hemolymph injection of CDM is maximal 2 h after injection (***P<0.001, **P<0.01) and returns to baseline after 4.5 h. Significance levels are calculated with respect to time zero.

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The octopamine antagonist epinastine significantly reduces the level of spontaneous walking of control individuals (*P<0.05). In contrast, the dopamine antagonist flupenthixol has no significant effect on spontaneous walking (P=0.19).

View larger version (4K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Adipokinetic hormone-I (AKH-I) injected into the hemolymph enhances the duration of spontaneous walking in control cockroaches (***P<0.001). However, AKH-I has no effect on the walking behavior of stung cockroaches.

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. AKH-I stimulates locomotion via the octopaminergic system. Control cockroaches injected with AKH-I walk significantly more than control cockroaches injected with epinastine (Epi) alone (***P<0.001) or with AKH-I and epinastine simultaneously (**P<0.01). Cockroaches injected with both drugs simultaneously walk as much as cockroaches injected with epinastine alone (P=1).

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Dopamine agonists do not increase spontaneous walking in stung animals. Stung cockroaches injected with chlordimeform (CDM) walk significantly more (**P<0.01) than stung cockroaches that were injected with either saline, quinpirole or with SKF.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. An octopamine agonist chlordimeform (CDM) injected into the brain but not into the SEG stimulates walking in stung cockroaches. (A) Brain injection. Stung/CDM individuals walk significantly longer (***P<0.001) than stung/saline or control/epinastine cockroaches. There is no significant difference in walking behavior between stung/saline and control/epinastine cockroaches. Furthermore, no significant difference is found between control animals injected with saline or CDM or stung cockroaches injected with CDM. (B) SEG injection. CDM injected into stung cockroaches has no effect on walking behavior. Stung cockroaches injected with CDM or with saline walk significantly less than control cockroaches injected with saline or CDM (***P<0.001). Injecting CDM into control cockroaches has no significant effect on walking behavior when compared to control cockroaches injected with saline.