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First published online October 19, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3789-3797 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.006296
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Modulation of pectoralis muscle function in budgerigars Melopsitaccus undulatus and zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata in response to changing flight speed

David J. Ellerby* and Graham N. Askew{dagger}

Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. In vivo zebra finch pectoralis fascicle strain and EMG activity. Traces show representative data obtained at a flight speed of 10 m s–1. Fascicle segment length was measured in situ by sonomicrometry. Muscle activity was measured using a bipolar EMG electrode (see text). Fascicle length is shown relative to resting length L0 measured with the bird resting on a perch.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. In vivo budgerigar pectoralis fascicle strain and EMG activity. Traces show representative data obtained at a flight speed of 12 m s–1. Fascicle segment length was measured in situ by sonomicrometry. Muscle activity was measured using a bipolar EMG electrode (see text). Fascicle length is shown relative to resting length L0 measured with the bird resting on a perch.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. The relationship between zebra finch pectoralis function and flight speed. (A) EMG duty cycle. (B) Relative EMG intensity. (C) Fascicle strain. (D) Wingbeat frequency. (E) Proportional shortening duration. The numbers adjacent to the data points denote homogenous subsets between which no significant differences were detected using a Scheffé post-hoc test (P>0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=6).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. The relationship between budgerigar pectoralis function and flight speed. (A) EMG duty cycle. (B) Relative EMG intensity. (C) Fascicle strain. (D) Wingbeat frequency. (E) Proportional shortening duration. The numbers adjacent to the data points denote homogenous subsets between which no significant differences were detected using a Scheffé post-hoc test (P>0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m.; N=7 (A,B); N=6 (C,D).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Flight kinematics of zebra finches across a range of speeds. (A) Stroke amplitude. (B) Stroke plane angle relative to the horizontal plane. (C) Relative proportion of time spent flapping. (D) Bound frequency. Closed symbols, data from uninstrumented birds; open symbols, data from instrumented birds. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=6).

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Flight kinematics of budgerigars across a range of speeds. (A) Stroke amplitude. (B) Stroke plane angle relative to the horizontal plane. (C) Relative proportion of time spent flapping. (D) Frequency of non-flapping phase. (E) Relative wing span during non-flapping phase. Closed symbols, data from uninstrumented birds; open symbols, data from instrumented birds. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=7).

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Mean in-flight shortening velocities of (A) budgerigar and (B) zebra finch pectoralis muscles. The numbers adjacent to the data points denote homogenous subsets of data between which no significant differences were detected using a Scheffé post-hoc test (P>0.05). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=6).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007