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First published online January 8, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 366-372 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02632
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Experimental study of coordination patterns during unsteady locomotion in mammals

Anick Abourachid*, Marc Herbin, Rémi Hackert, Ludovic Maes and Véronique Martin

FRE2696, CNRS, MNHN, Université P6, Col. de France, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, FRE 2696, Pavillon d'Anatomie Comparée, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France


Figure 1
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Fig. 1. Identification of the typical gaits (modified from Abourachid, 2003Go). (A) On gait diagrams, each line represents a foot: (f1, 1-fore; f2, 2-fore; h1, 1-hind; h2, 2-hind). The mark length represents the time the foot is on the ground. The anteroposterior sequence (APS) begins with the movements of the pair of forelimbs followed by the movements of the pair of hindlimbs. In the APS framework, three parameters, FL, HL and PL, are used to identify the gaits. Fore lag (FL) is the time lag between the touch-down of the forelimbs. Hind lag (HL) is the time lag between the touch-down of the hindlimbs. Pair lag (PL) is the time lag between the touch-down of the first forefoot (f1) and the ipsilateral hindfoot (h1). The time lags are expressed as a percentage of the duration of the first forefoot cycle (from one touch-down to the next). (B) Seven typical gaits are shown. In each gait diagram, three APSs are presented: the first and third in grey and the second in black. In symmetrical gaits, FL=HL=50, and the PL value is used to identify the different gaits. In asymmetrical gaits, it is the FL and HL values that are used to identify the gaits. The values shown are for typical gaits; actual values may vary. The animals shown are examples of species that naturally use the gait.

 

Figure 2
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Fig. 2. Methods. Gait diagram: the x axis shows time in s. Horizontal bars (orange for fore pair and green for hind pair) represent the time each foot is on the ground (f1, 1-fore; f2, 2-fore; h1, 1-hind; h2, 2-hind). Each anteroposterior sequence (APS) is identified by a grey arrow, and is labelled from -3 to -1 for approach, 0 for impulse, 1 for landing and 2-5 for leaving. Track diagram: The x axis shows spatial position (m) and the dot paw prints represent the places where the feet were put down. Each APS is outlined in grey and labelled from -3 to 5, similar to the trial gait diagram. The places are measured as their distance to the obstacle (0), negatively before, and positively after the obstacle. For each APS of the trial, as was shown for the first APS, the time lag between touch-down of the two forefeet (fore lag, FL), the time lag between touch-down of the two hindfeet (hind lag, HL) and the time lag between the touch-down of the two trailing feet (pair lag, PL) were noted and expressed as a percentage of the time lag between two successive touch-downs of the 1-forefoot. Similarly, as shown on the track diagram, the distance between the positions of the two forefeet (fore gap, FG), between the positions of the two hindfeet (hind gap, HG), and between the places of the two 1-feet (pair gap, PG) were noted, and expressed as a percentage of the distance between two successive positions of the 1-forefoot. When a 2-hindfoot was placed before the 1-forefoot, the distance was noted as a negative value.

 

Figure 3
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Fig. 3. Time lags and space gaps in dogs and cats. The vertical (y) axis represents percentage of the 1-forefoot cycle duration (Time) or stride length (Space). The horizontal (x) axis represents successive sequences of the series: from -4 to -1: approach phase, 0: impulse phase; 1: landing phase; from 2 to 5, leaving phase. The symbols represent the mean value of the parameters pair lag (PL), fore lag (FL) and hind lag (HL) for time, and pair gap (PG), fore gap (FG) and hind gap (HG) for space. Values are means ± s.e.m., N=number of trials for each sequence.

 





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