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First published online January 8, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 299-310 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02633

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Quantitative analysis of tethered and free-swimming copepodid flow fields

Kimberly B. Catton¹, Donald R. Webster^1,*, Jason Brown² and Jeannette Yen²

¹ School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0355, USA
² School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Coordinate system for the flow analysis.

View larger version (63K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. (A,B) Dorso-ventral and (C,D) side views of tracer particle paths around (A,C) a free swimming and (B,D) a tethered Euchaeta antarctica.

View larger version (114K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Velocity vectors and contours of velocity magnitude time-averaged over one second for a (A) free-swimming, and (B) tethered Euchaeta antarctica for the dorso-ventral view.

View larger version (122K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Velocity vectors and contours of velocity magnitude time-averaged over one second for a (A) free-swimming, and (B) tethered Euchaeta antarctica for the side view.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Contours of the vorticity field created by a free-swimming Euchaeta antarctica for the (A) dorso-ventral view (z), and (B) side view (y).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Contours of dissipation rate () for a free-swimming Euchaeta antarctica for the (A) dorso-ventral view, and (B) side view.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Contours of strain rate (exx) for a free-swimming Euchaeta antarctica for the (A) dorso-ventral view, and (B) side view.

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Exemplary profiles along the highlighted direction for the free-swimming and tethered Euchaeta antarctica. The profile direction in the dorso-ventral view is oriented at 90° relative to the center axis of the organism and passes through the location of maximum velocity. Profiles correspond to (A) ux, (B) uy, (C)z, (D) exx, (E) eyy, and (F) exy. y' is zero at the location of the organism body rather than at the organism center axis.

View larger version (3K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Free body diagram for the (A) free swimming and (B) tethered copepods. Mtether, moment on the tether support.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 10. (A) Coordinate system and (B) streamline pattern for the theoretical solution of a force at the origin pointed to the right. C=0.4 for the streamlines shown. x' is zero at the location of the tether, rather than at the head of the organism.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 11. The 0.5 s-1 contour of strain rate (exy) for (A,C) a free-swimming, and (B,D) a tethered Euchaeta antarctica. The 0.5 s-1 contour is shown as a representative value that has been observed to induce escape response in copepods (Fields and Yen, 1997; Kiørboe et al., 1999).