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First published online January 8, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 217-226 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02630
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Suppression of water loss during adult diapause in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens

Joshua B. Benoit* and David L. Denlinger

The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Net water loss rates in females of Culex pipiens reared under diapausing (D18) and nondiapausing conditions (ND25; ND18) at 0.00 av. The slope of the regression through the points represents the water loss in % h-1. Mt is the mass at any time t and M0 is the initial water mass. Values are means ± s.e.m. of 60 mosquitoes. ND25, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; ND18, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; D18, mosquitoes reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Water loss rates in females of Culex pipiens over a prolonged period. Each point represents water loss determined as in Fig. 1. ND25, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; ND18, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; D18, mosquitoes reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C. D18 to ND25 at 40 days indicates the mosquitoes were moved from diapausing (D18) to nondiapausing (ND25) conditions after 40 days, to break diapause.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Water vapor exchange at different vapor activities in females of Culex pipiens. For each point, the vapor exchange was determined as in Fig. 1. ND25, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; ND18, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; D18, mosquitoes reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Water balance characteristics of Culex pipiens females collected at monthly intervals from the field in Columbus, Ohio. WLR, water loss rate (% h-1); Md, dry mass (mg); Mw, water mass (mg); Mi, initial mass (mg). Values are means ± s.e.m. of 30 mosquitoes.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Polyol and sugar content of nondiapausing and diapausing adult females of Culex pipiens. (A) Sorbitol; (B) glycerol; (C) trehalose; (D) total sugars. Closed squares, ND25 mosquitoes, reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; open squares, ND18 mosquitoes, reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; closed diamonds, D18 mosquitoes, reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C; open diamonds, D18 to ND25 at 40 days. Values are means ± s.e.m. of 10 replicates of five individuals each. All error bars are smaller than the symbols.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Amount of cuticular hydrocarbons extracted from nondiapausing and diapausing females of Culex pipiens. ND25, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; ND18, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; D18, mosquitoes reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C; D18 to ND25 at 40 days, indicates the mosquitoes were moved from diapausing (D18) to nondiapausing (ND25) conditions after 40 days, to break diapause. Values are means ± s.e.m. of 10 replicates of five mosquitoes each.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Proportional reduction of internal lipid reserves in nondiapausing and diapausing females of Culex pipiens. ND25, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod (15 h:9 h, L:D) at 25°C; ND18, mosquitoes reared under a nondiapausing photoperiod at 18°C; D18, mosquitoes reared under a diapausing photoperiod (9 h:15 h, L:D) at 18°C. Values are means ± s.e.m. of 10 replicates of five mosquitoes each.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007