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First published online August 31, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3236-3244 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.008060

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The interactive effects of protein quality and macronutrient imbalance on nutrient balancing in an insect herbivore

Kwang Pum Lee

Program in Entomology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Patterns of (A) survival, (B) stadium duration and (C) pupal dry mass for final-instar S. littoralis caterpillars confined to one of 20 no-choice diets varying in protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio (35:7, 28:14, 21:21, 14:28 and 7:35) and in the quality of dietary protein (0%, 20%, 50% and 80% replacement of casein-based protein mix with the low-quality plant protein, zein). Values are means ± 1 s.e.m. (N=6–10).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Bivariate plots for cumulative protein and carbohydrate consumption by S. littoralis caterpillars (N=198) over the first 2 days (A), 4 days (B) and across the entire feeding period (C) in the no-choice experiment. In each plot, dotted lines radiating from the origin indicate the P:C ratios for 7:35, 14:28, 21:21, 28:14 and 35:7 diets (from left to right) where caterpillars were restricted, respectively. In plot B, the five intake points are connected by solid lines (the intake array) within each level of protein quality to demonstrate the pattern of nutrient balancing. Values are means ± 1 s.e.m. (N=9–10).

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Patterns of (A) nitrogen growth, (B) nitrogen growth corrected for protein consumption, (C) lipid growth and (D) lipid growth corrected for protein and carbohydrate consumption in final-instar S. littoralis caterpillars that had successfully reached their pupal stage in the no-choice experiment Values are means ± 1 s.e.m. (N=6–10). The values in B and D are the least-square means calculated from ANCOVA (see text), representing the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and lipid, respectively.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Patterns of (A) stadium duration and (B) pupal dry mass for final-instar S. littoralis caterpillars in the choice experiment. Values are means ± 1 s.e.m. (N=8–10).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Bivariate plots for cumulative protein and carbohydrate consumption by S. littoralis caterpillars over the successive days during their final larval stadium. (A–D) Nutrient consumption of caterpillars provided with the four equal-ratio 21:21 diets containing 0% (A), 20% (B), 50% (C) and 80% (D) zein in their protein component, respectively. The two dotted lines represent the protein:carbohydrate (P:C) ratio of the two choice foods presented to the insects (21:21 and 35:7 diets). Values are means ± 1 s.e.m. (N=8–10).