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First published online August 31, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 3228-3235 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.004192
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Larval desperation and histamine: how simple responses can lead to complex changes in larval behaviour

R. L. Swanson1,*, D. J. Marshall2 and P. D. Steinberg1

1 Centre for Marine Biofouling and Bioinnovation/School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
2 School of Integrative Biology/Centre for Marine Studies, University of Queensland, Queensland, 4072, Australia


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Percent metamorphosis of Holopneustes purpurascens larvae (mean ± s.e.m.) of different ages after continuous exposure to 10 nmol l–1, 100 nmol l–1 and 1 µmol l–1 dissolved histamine and SSW for 1 h (A), 24 h (B) and 72 h (C). Data from 7-day-old, 14-day-old and 21-day-old larvae were pooled from three batches (N=150 larvae per treatment); however, data shown for 28-day-old larvae are from batch A only (N=25 larvae per treatment).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Percent settlement of Holopneustes purpurascens larvae (mean ± s.e.m.; N=50 larvae per treatment) during exposure to 10 µmol l–1 histamine for varying time periods (black bars) and percent metamorphosis in SSW, 24 h after commencing the experiment (grey bars). The responses of larvae at 7 days old (A), 14 days old (B) and 21 days old (C) are shown. *, not tested.

 

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  		Fig. 3. The reversion scores of (A) 7-day-old, (B) 14-day-old and (C) 21-day-old Holopneustes purpurascens larvae after exposure to 10 µmol l–1 histamine for varying time periods. The reversion score was calculated as the difference between the proportion of larvae that had metamorphosed in SSW, 24 h after commencing the histamine exposure, and the proportion of larvae deemed to have settled during exposure to 10 µmol l–1 histamine before transfer to SSW. Thus, a negative score indicates that a proportion of settled larvae reverted back to swimming larvae after transfer to SSW. A positive score indicates that all settled larvae metamorphosed in SSW along with additional larvae over 24 h. *, not tested; **, all settled larvae metamorphosed.

 




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