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First published online August 9, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2923-2931 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.002956
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Multifocal lenses in coral reef fishes

Björn Karpestam1, Jonas Gustafsson2, Nadav Shashar3, Gadi Katzir4 and Ronald H. H. Kröger2,*

1 Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Institute of Anatomy, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
2 Lund University, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Zoology Building, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden
3 Ben Gurion University, Eilat Campus, Life Sciences Department, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
4 University of Haifa, Department of Biology, Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Schematic sketches of the optical methods. Photoretinoscopy (A) was applied on live animals, while excised lenses were studied with schlieren photography (B) and laser scanning (C). For technical details, see Malkki and Kröger (Malkki and Kröger, 2005Go).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. (A) (Left) Diurnal herbivores, diurnal planktivores and nocturnal planktivores; scale bars, 5 cm. Grayscale pictures of eyes (centre) are from photoretinoscopy. Ring-like structures indicate multifocal lenses. Color pictures of lenses (right) are from schlieren photography. The colors roughly indicate the spectral ranges that are brought to focus by different zones of the lenses; scale bars, 1 mm. (B) LSA curves for each species, means ± 90% confidence intervals. The results are normalized to Re, i.e. the equatorial radius of each lens.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Average LSA curves obtained from three groups of coral reef fishes having lifestyles that are similar within each group, but different between groups. Values are means ± 90% confidence intervals (CI). Note that the CI do not overlap in large regions, indicating statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the groups.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. (A) Two predatory species. Scale bars as in Fig. 2. (B) LSA curves ± 90% confidence intervals (CI). Note that, except for the very centers of the lenses where the accuracy of the method is low, the 90% CI of the LSA curves do not overlap. This indicates significant differences (P<0.05) between species in the optical properties of the lenses. Note also that the lenses of F. commersonii and P. miles bring to focus similar spectral ranges, but at different relative distances from the lenses.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007