spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif spacer gif
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


spacer gif
     Home     Help     Feedback     Subscriptions     Archive     Search     Table of Contents    

First published online June 29, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2548-2562 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02792
This Article
Right arrow Summary Freely available
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rubenson, J.
Right arrow Articles by Fournier, P. A.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rubenson, J.
Right arrow Articles by Fournier, P. A.

Running in ostriches (Struthio camelus): three-dimensional joint axes alignment and joint kinematics

Jonas Rubenson1,*, David G. Lloyd1, Thor F. Besier2, Denham B. Heliams3 and Paul A. Fournier1

1 School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia,
2 Department of Orthopaedics, Stanford University, 341 Galvez St, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
3 Fauna Technology, PO Box 558, Gosnells, WA, 6990, Australia


Figure 1
View larger version (36K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. A graphical representation of the optimized right knee joint center (KJC) observed from an anterior aspect. Planes 1 and 2 are defined by a point on the helical axis and the midpoint of the transepicondylar vector. The KJC is the average of the points on the helical axis intersected by planes 1 and 2. The distance between the transepicondylar vector and the helical axis in this figure is not to scale.

 

Figure 2
View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 2. Anatomical Coordinate Systems (ACS) of the hind-limb model and location of anatomical landmarks (AL). Figure produced from bone tracings (Immersion InScribe3) using MATLAB software (Mathworks, Natick, MA). PUB (caudal end of pubis) is an alternative point for the construction of a pelvis ACS. The location of the joint centers and anatomical landmarks do not represent exact locations in this figure. PEL, pelvis; FEM, femur; TIB, tibiotarsus, MET, tarsometatarsus; PHAL, phalanges; for other abbreviations, see Table A1.

 

Figure 3
View larger version (66K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 3. Segment marker clusters used to construct the segment technical coordinate systems (TCSs) and the pointing device used for identifying anatomical landmarks (ALs) required for reconstructing the kinematic model.

 

Figure 4
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 4. (A) Knee and (B) ankle joint angles computed from unloaded joint rotation using anatomical specimens. The traces represent a typical pattern of flexion/extension, adduction/abduction (add./abd.; varus/valgus at knee) and internal/external rotation (int. rot./ext. rot.). Both the knee and ankle exhibit coupled internal/external and abduction/adduction (varus/valgus at knee) rotation with passive flexion/extension.

 

Figure 5
View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 5. The orientation of the optimized joint helical axes of the right hind limb viewed from above (prior to toe-strike) using BodyBuilder modeling software (Oxford Metrics; Oxford, UK). a, axes derived from the anatomical specimens; b, axes derived from the running trials.

 

Figure 6
View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 6. The pelvis (A) roll, (B) pitch, and (C) yaw angles (relative to the global coordinate system) over one running stride (mean ± s.d.). Each stride begins and ends at mid-swing. The broken lines represent toe-strike and toe-off.

 

Figure 7
View larger version (17K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 7. Hip joint (A) flexion/extension, (B) adduction/abduction and (C) internal/external rotation angles over one running stride (mean ± s.d.). Each stride begins and ends at mid-swing. The broken lines represent toe-strike and toe-off.

 

Figure 8
View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 8. Knee joint (A) flexion/extension, (B) adduction/abduction and (C) internal/external rotation angles over one running stride (mean ± s.d.). Each stride begins and ends at mid-swing. The broken lines represent toe-strike and toe-off.

 

Figure 9
View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 9. Ankle joint (A) flexion/extension, (B) adduction/abduction and (C) internal/external rotation angles over one running stride (mean ± s.d.). Each stride begins and ends at mid-swing. The broken lines represent toe-strike and toe-off.

 

Figure 10
View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 10. Metatarso-phalangeal joint (A) flexion/extension and (B) internal/external rotation angles over one running stride (mean ± s.d.). Each stride begins and ends at mid-swing. The broken lines represent toe-strike and toe-off.

 




© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2007