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First published online May 21, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2006-2012 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.001420

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Metabolic rate of nocturnal incubation in female great tits, Parus major, in relation to clutch size measured in a natural environment

Maaike E. de Heij^*, Alexandra J. van der Graaf, Dennis Hafner and Joost M. Tinbergen

Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of a nest-box modified into a metabolic chamber. To ensure the top of the nest-box was airtight, a sheet of rubber was inserted between nest-box and lid (a) and a cork was placed in the entrance hole (b). Reference air was measured close to the inflow of the nest-box (arrows underneath nest-box; c), while sample air was drawn from the nest-box via a tube near the entrance hole (d). The thickness of the nest was determined by the thickness of the nest cup (e) and the height of the nest rim (f).

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Residual metabolic rate of nocturnal incubation (MRinc; corrected for ambient temperature) of females incubating reduced, control or enlarged clutches in the year 2001 (A) and control and enlarged clutches in the year 2004 (B). The black circles represent mean values (± s.e.m.), while the grey lines represent repeated measurements of the same individual.

View larger version (5K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The metabolic rate of nocturnal incubation (MRinc) for females incubating control clutches in relation to ambient temperature (Ta) for two years (filled symbols, 2001; open symbols, 2004). The line shows the regression line for both years combined (MRinc=–0.0206xTa+0.8438; r2=0.57).

View larger version (7K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Metabolic rate during nocturnal incubation in relation to clutch size for female starlings at three temperatures. Redrawn from Biebach (Biebach, 1984). The quadratic lines have been added to the original graph.