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First published online May 21, 2007
Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1992-1999 (2007)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2007
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02777

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Phosphatidylcholine profile-mediated group recognition in catfish

Koichi Matsumura^1,2,*, Shigeki Matsunaga¹ and Nobuhiro Fusetani^1,

¹ Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
² Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan

View larger version (5K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dose-dependent response of P. lineatus to skin mucus (closed circles) and PC (open circles) obtained from familiar school using the two-choice test based on turn behavior. Statistical comparison between dose responses revealed that skin mucus and PC have non-significantly different activity. Values are means ± s.e.m.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. School-specific responses of P. lineatus to skin mucus (A,B) and PC (C,D) obtained from schools A (SA) and B (SB). (A) Response of SA to skin mucus; (B) Response of SB to skin mucus; (C) Response of SA to PC; (D) Response of SB to PC. Sample combinations tested are school A vs solvent control (SA-C), school B vs solvent control (SB-C), school A vs school B (SA-SB), and solvent control vs solvent control (C-C). Asterisks indicate a significant difference at P<0.05 (two-sample t-test).

View larger version (6K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Quantitative HPLC analysis of the PC molecular species revealed that skin mucus of P. lineatus includes a large number of PC molecular species. Selected peaks 1–19 were identified and the relative peak areas used for multivariate analysis.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Identification of PC molecular species. The PC molecular species of peak 18 is identified by a combination of (A) mass spectroscopy and (B) gas chromatography. y-axis, signal intensity.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Inter-school variations in the PC profile. (A–D) HPLC chromatogram of PC obtained from four schools showed a heterogeneous PC profile, particularly the peaks in the boxed frames. (E) The two leading principal components (PC1 and PC2) were projected into 2D space. Each dot indicates the schools that were plotted without any characteristic distribution pattern. (F) Comparison of PC profiles by representing a matrix of correlation coefficients that indicate the degree of overall similarity. Black colors indicate lower correlations.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Responses of P. lineatus to the PC profile. (A) HPLC separation of PC components into two fractions, Fr. 1 and Fr. 2. x-axis, retention time; y-axis, signal intensity. (B) Response of P. lineatus to Fr. 1, Fr. 2, and the recombined PC fraction (Mix). Values are means ± s.e.m. Asterisks, P<0.05. (C) Responses of P. lineatus to PC, the composition of which was modified by the addition of synthetic PCs SPC1 (16:0-22:6) [1-palmitoyl-2-(4,7,10,13,16,19-(E)-docosahexaenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine] and SPC2 (16:0-20:4) [1-hexadecanoyl-2-(5,8,11,14-(E)-eicosatetraenoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine]. The PC activity was gradually affected depending on the concentration of SPC. Values are means ± s.e.m. Asterisks, P<0.05. Ctrl, control.