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First published online April 18, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 1651-1661 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02195
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Metabolic scaling associated with unusual size changes during larval development of the frog, Pseudis paradoxus

Silvia Cristina R. de Souza* and Claudia M. Kuribara

Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no 321, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Mass-specific O2 consumption rates in Pseudis paradoxus tadpoles and froglets measured at 25°C on exposure to water of variable O2 tension (mean of initial PO2 values) with free access to air. Each point represents the mean ± 1 s.e.m. of N>7 animals staged according to Cais after Gosner (Cais, 1982Go; Gosner, 1960Go) and measured individually. The data are pooled into groups of stages representing distinct developmental steps during the larval period. There is no significant effect of O2 tension on the rates; most variability is attributable to developmental stage (F=48.2, P<0.0001).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Mass-specific, aquatic (filled circles) and aerial (empty circles) O2 consumption rates of Pseudis paradoxus tadpoles and froglets as a function of water O2 tension (mean of initial PO2 values), at 25°C. Each point represents a single animal, staged according to Cais after Gosner (Cais, 1982Go; Gosner, 1960Go) and individually measured. The data obtained from the animals in each group of stages are given separately. Lines through the data points represent significant correlations between the variables (broken line, aquatic; solid line, aerial consumption rates); detailed descriptions of correlation coefficients and statistics are given in the text.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Scaling relationship between whole-body O2 consumption rates and body mass in Pseudis paradoxus tadpoles and froglets exposed to normoxic (146 mmHg; mean of initial values) and hypoxic water (60 mmHg), at 25°C. Each point represents a single animal, staged according to Cais after Gosner (Cais, 1982Go; Gosner, 1960Go) and measured individually. Filled circles represent larval stages 33–42, grey triangles larval stages 43–45, and empty triangles froglets (stage 46). The data were log-transformed and used to calculate two separate linear regressions that correspond to growth (broken line) and degrowth phases (solid line) of the larval period; the line has been omitted where the correlation is not significant. Detailed descriptions of determination coefficients and statistics are given in the text.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Body lactate and glycogen concentrations in Pseudis paradoxus tadpoles and froglets after 3 h exposure to normoxic (open columns; mean PO2=149 mmHg) and hypoxic water (filled columns; 60 mmHg) with free access to air at 25°C. Values represent the mean ± s.e.m. from N≥6 animals, staged according to Cais after Gosner (Cais, 1982Go; Gosner, 1960Go) and measured individually. The data are pooled into groups of stages representing distinct developmental steps of the larval period. `a', significantly different (P 0.05) compared to stages 33–37 in the normoxia series; `b', compared to values for normoxia in the same group of stages; and `c', from stages 33–37 in the hypoxia series.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006