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First published online April 18, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 1603-1611 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02181

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Evidence from mosquitoes suggests that cyclic gas exchange and discontinuous gas exchange are two manifestations of a single respiratory pattern

Emilie M. Gray and Timothy J. Bradley^*

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Example of the respiratory pattern of a female mosquito (Culiseta inornata) measured at 10°C at flow rates F=200 ml min–1 (A) and 20 ml min–1 (B). Values at the far left and the far right of each curve represent baseline measurements obtained with an empty chamber. Note that the concentrations of CO2 are lower at the higher flow rate due to the effects of dilution. The two flow rates reveal a similar periodicity of peak CO2 release. In A, the mosquito is engaged in DGC, as shown by the periodic lapses to zero or near-zero rates of CO2 release. At 20 ml min–1 the same respiratory pattern appears as a cyclic pattern of release with no periods of zero release.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Example of the respiratory pattern of female mosquitoes at different flow rates (F) and different temperatures (T). (A,B) Patterns from a single female mosquito at 20°C, (D,E) from a different mosquito at 30°C. Note that as temperature increases, so do metabolic rate and burst frequency. In all cases a lower flow rate results in a less discontinuous (more cyclic) pattern, with an absence of periods of zero release.

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Examples of the respiratory pattern of a single female mosquito at 10°C. (A) The respiratory pattern measured at flow rate F=20 ml min–1, (B) the same mosquito at F=200 ml min–1. (C) The values in B mathematically manipulated by multiplying by 10 and plotting a sliding average of the values using a window of 35 values. Note the similarity between A and C.

View larger version (35K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Examples of the respiratory pattern of a female mosquito at 20°C. The same female was measured at flow rates F=100 (A), 50 (C) and 20 ml min–1 (E). The respiratory pattern of this same female at F=1000 ml min–1 is shown in Fig. 2A. (B,D,F) Values produced by mathematically manipulating the values from Fig. 2A to mimic the patterns in A,C,E, respectively. Data were manipulated by multiplying by 10 and using a sliding average of 7 (B), multiplying by 20 and using a sliding average of 15 (D) and multiplying by 50 and using a sliding average of 35 (F).