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First published online March 2, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 1004-1015 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02089
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Carotenoid availability in diet and phenotype of blue and great tit nestlings

Clotilde Biard1,*, Peter F. Surai2 and Anders P. Møller1

1 Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Bât. A–Case 237, 7 quai Saint Bernard, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
2 Lipid and Antioxidant Group, Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Avian Science Research Centre, Scottish Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, KA6 5HW, UK


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Breast feather colour. (A,B) Average reflectance spectra of nestling breast feathers for (A) great tits (N=656 spectra) and (B) blue tits (N=864). (B,C) Association between principal component standardised score coefficients for PC1 (black line) PC2 (dark grey line) and PC3 (light grey line) and wavelength for (C) great tits and (D) blue tits.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Box plots describing variation in plasma antioxidants in blue tit (A) and great tit (B) nestlings as a function of feeding treatment. Box plots show median, quartiles (boxes), tenth quintiles (bars), distant (circles) and extreme observations (asterisk). Means and associated standard errors are given in the text, together with corresponding statistical tests.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Total vitamin E (summed {delta}-, {gamma}-, {alpha}-tocopherol) concentration (µg ml–1) in plasma as a function of carotenoid concentration (µg ml–1) in nestling blue tits from control (F1,8=1.94, P=0.20, R2=0.19, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = –0.12±0.08) and carotenoid-fed groups (F1,8=37.59, P=0.0003, R2=0.82, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 0.11±0.02).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Box plots describing variation in body condition in blue and great tit nestlings as a function of feeding treatment. Box plots show median, quartiles (boxes), tenth quintiles (bars), distant (circles) and extreme observations (asterisks) for body mass (g), blood sedimentation rate, proportion of leukocytes in blood and cell-mediated immune response (mm).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Relationship between body mass (g) and tarsus length (mm) in blue tit (A) and great tit (B) nestlings depending on feeding treatment. Blue tit (mean tarsus length ± s.e.m.: 19.4±0.06 mm, N=108): control group: F1,53=24.75, P<0.0001, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 0.68±0.14 (nest: Z=1.51, P=0.06); carotenoid-fed group: F1,51=3.23, P=0.08, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 0.27±0.15 (nest: Z=1.17, P=0.12). Great tit (mean tarsus length ± s.e.m.: 22.43±0.08 mm, N=82): control group: F1,39=28.15, P<0.0001, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 1.26±0.24, (nest: Z=1.33, P=0.09); carotenoid-fed group: F1,39=21.94, P<0.0001, slope estimate ± s.e.m. = 0.78±0.17 (nest: Z=1.24, P=0.11).

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Box plots describing variation in plumage colour scores for PC1 (black box) PC2 (grey box) and PC3 (white box) in blue tit (A) and great tit (B) nestlings as a function of feeding treatment. Box plots show median, quartiles (boxes), tenth quintiles (bars), distant (circles) and extreme observations (asterisks).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006