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First published online February 15, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 810-816 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02081
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Pseudodiarrhoea in zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) exposed to microcystins

Guillaume Juhel1,*, John Davenport1, John O'Halloran1, Sarah Culloty1, Ruth Ramsay1, Kevin James2, Ambrose Furey2 and Orla Allis2

1 Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Irelan
2 PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Department of Chemistry, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the flow-through system showing physical separation of faeces from pseudofaeces. (A) Plan view; (B) side view. b, baffles; M, mussel; InS, inhalant siphon; ExS, exhalant siphon; Pg, pedal gape.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Optical microscopy of the three algal strains used in the study. (A) Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 14505/06), (B) Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 14505/10), (C) Asterionella formosa.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Feeding behaviour of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. (A–F) Frames from videos; (A–D) side views, (E,F) underside views. (A) Pseudofaecal material expelled by the inhalant siphon of the mussels when fed the non-toxic diatom Asterionella formosa. (B) Faecal material expelled by the exhalant siphon of the zebra mussel when fed the diatom Asterionella formosa. (C) Copious pseudofaecal material expelled by the inhalant siphon and copious pseudodiarrhoea expelled through the pedal gape of the zebra mussel when fed the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 1450/10). (D) Copious faecal material expelled by the exhalant siphon and copious pseudodiarrhoeal material expelled through the pedal gape of the zebra mussel when fed the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 1450/10). (E,F) Pseudofaecal material expelled by the inhalant siphon and pseudodiarrhoeal material expelled through the pedal gape of the zebra mussel when fed the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 1450/10). InS, Inhalant siphon; ExS, exhalant siphon; Pg, pedal gape; PIn, pseudofaeces expelled through the inhalant siphon; FEx, faeces expelled through the exhalant siphon; PPg, pseudodiarrhoea expelled at the pedal gape.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Statistical analysis of the Dreissena polymorpha's feeding behaviour when fed the non-toxic diatom Asterionella formosa and the very toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa CCAP 1450/10. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=6).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Composition of mixed algal diet, pseudofaeces and pseudodiarrhoea. Composition (% dry mass) of the mixed algal diet and pseudofaecal materials produced by the zebra mussel when fed a mixture of the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (strain CCAP 1450/10) and the non-toxic diatom Asterionella formosa. Mix, mixed diet; Pin, pseudofaeces expelled by the inhalant siphon of the mussels; Ppg, pseudodiarrhoea expelled through the pedal gape of the mussels. Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=10).

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006