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First published online January 19, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 444-454 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02028

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The effect of endurance exercise on the morphology of muscle attachment sites

Ann Zumwalt

Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA

View larger version (99K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. (A) The locations at which profiles were extracted from surface scans (shown: infraspinatus insertion). The white arrows indicate the direction of tendon attachment and solid black lines indicate the locations along which profiles were extracted. Three profiles (locations 1-3) were extracted at equidistant locations parallel to the axis of soft tissue attachment (STA) and three (locations 4-6) were extracted perpendicular to that attachment. The locations along each axis were defined at 25, 50 and 75% of the maximum width and height of the attachment, respectively. (B) Example of a profile extracted perpendicular to the STA (shown: Profile 5).

View larger version (30K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Box and whisker plots of the (A) body mass (Mb) standardized surface areas and average fractal dimensions of profiles extracted along the axes (B) parallel and (C) perpendicular to the axis of soft tissue attachment (STA) of the attachment sites, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Values for the control group are indicated with black boxes and for the exercised group with white boxes. Boxes represent the interquartile range, or 50% of the values, and the line across the box indicates the median. The whiskers indicate the spread of observed values that fall within 1.5 times the interquartile range. Outliers are designated with (X) if they are between 1.5x and 3x the interquartile range, and () if they fall outside 3x this range. Attachment sites: INF, Infraspinatus insertion; BB, Biceps brachii insertion; QF, Quadriceps femoris insertion; GO, Gastrocnemius origin; GI, Gastrocnemius insertion; MSTR, Masseter insertion.