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First published online December 1, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 5017-5028 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02598
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DNA photorepair in echinoid embryos: effects of temperature on repair rate in Antarctic and non-Antarctic species

Miles D. Lamare1,*, Mike F. Barker1, Michael P. Lesser2 and Craig Marshall3

1 Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
2 Department of Zoology and Center for Marine Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
3 Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Normal (left panels) and abnormal (right panels) development in embryos and larvae of (A) Diadema setosum and (B-D) Sterechinus neumayeri. For Diadema, the abnormal plutei (A) were characterised by shortened anterolateral arms (Al), and postoral arms (Pr) appeared to be absent or reduced. For Sterechinus, abnormal blastulae (B) had an abnormally thickened blastula wall (Bw) with loosely connected blastomeres. Primary mesenchyme (Pm) appeared to fill the blastocoel (Bc). Abnormal Sterechinus gastrulae (C) had no invagination of an archenteron (Ac) with the coelom (Gc) packed with primary mesenchyme cells (Pm). Abnormal Sterechinus did not develop beyond the gastrula stage (D). In both Diadema and Sterechinus, abnormal embryos were either immobile or showed retarded swimming ability compared with swimming in normal embryos. Scale bars, 100 µm.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Spectral irradiances of laboratory light treatments. (A) UV-R bulbs; (B) full spectrum bulbs.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Change in CPD concentration in Sterechinus neumayeri plutei at 0°C. The exponential decay model [Y=(A0-c)e-kt+c] is fitted to the data, from which the rate constant (k) was calculated. The inset is the standard curve of OD405 versus UV dose [calf thymus DNA exposed to known UV-C doses (0, 2.5, 7.5, 10 and 15 J m-2 at 254 nm wavelength)].

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Relationship between experimental temperature and CPD removal rate constant in the blastula, gastrula and pluteus stages of Sterechinus neumayeri at three experimental temperatures (-1.9°C, 0°C, 2°C). Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=3).

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Relationship between experimental temperature and CPD removal rate constant in pluteus stage of Sterechinus neumayeri, Evechinus chloroticus and Diadema setosum. The relationship between the two variables is expressed by the exponential equation y=aebt.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Relationship between experimental temperature and time to repair 90% of CPDs in plutei of Sterechinus neumayeri, Evechinus chloroticus and Diadema setosum.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. CPD concentration (expressed as absorbance at 405 nm) immediately after exposure to UV-R for 1 h (time 0), UV-R exposure plus 24 h full spectrum light (24 h Light), UV-R exposure plus 24 h dark (24 h Dark), and no UV-R exposure (Control) in three stages of Sterechinus at three experimental temperatures (-1.9°C, 0°C, 2°C) in Diadema plutei at three experimental temperatures (22°C, 27°C, 32°C) and in Evechinus plutei at 15°C (no control). Values are means ±1 s.e.m. (N=3).

 

Figure 8
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  		Fig. 8. Percentage rates of abnormality (mean ± s.e.m.; N=3) as a function of temperature in embryos exposed to UV-R followed by a 24 h light or 24 h dark treatment. Shown are rates for three Sterechinus stages (blastula, gastrula, pluteus) and Diadema pluteus.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006