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First published online November 1, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4566-4573 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02536
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Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure

Walter Arnold*, Thomas Ruf and Regina Kuntz

Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Seasonal changes in physiological parameters and behaviour (daily means; measures of variation reflect differences between individuals). Data are double plotted to ease visualization of the annual pattern. Labels on the x-axis indicate the first month of a two-month interval. Only complete data sets, i.e. those with information about all parameters are plotted. (A) Daily means of heart rate (means ± s.e.m.). (B) Daily means of locomotor activity (means ± s.e.m.). (C) Top: daily means and range of subcutaneous temperature; bottom: daily means of air temperature.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Daily mean heart rate of three pregnant mares from 1 March 2003 to 31 August 2003. Different symbols represent different individuals, arrows represent the time of parturitions.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Daily mean heart rate during locomotor activity (simultaneously measured locomotor activity >10%; open circles, means + s.e.m.) and at rest (locomotor activity ≤10%; closed circles, means - s.e.m.).

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Upper graph: daily mean heart rate (closed circles) during or close to the day of measurement of heat increment of feeding. Lower graph: estimate of the heat increment of feeding (open circles) and its seasonal change calculated from data presented in Kuntz et al. (Kuntz et al., 2006Go). Lines represent periodic fits to the data, vertical lines represent the acrophases.

 




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