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First published online November 1, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4557-4565 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02535

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Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) I. Energy intake

Regina Kuntz, Christina Kubalek, Thomas Ruf, Frieda Tataruch and Walter Arnold^*

Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Seasonal changes of nutrients in dry matter intake (percentage of dry matter intake; values are means ± s.e.m., missing error bars represent s.e.m. smaller than symbol size). Filled symbols represent data from the first year of dry matter intake measurements (July 2002-May 2003), open symbols represent data from the second year (July 2003-January 2004).

View larger version (5K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Seasonal variation of dry matter intake (values are means ± s.e.m.). Filled symbols represent data from the first year of study (July 2002-May 2003), open symbols represent data from the second year (July 2003-January 2004). Line: periodic fit to residual variation of dry matter intake adjusted for the influence of nutrients (for statistics, see Table 2).

View larger version (7K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Variation of dry matter intake (filled symbols, solid line, values are means ± s.e.m.) and average time spent feeding per day (open symbols, broken line, values are means ± s.e.m.). Data for both parameters were simultaneously collected from three to four Przewalski horses during five experiments.

View larger version (5K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Seasonal changes in the time period between administration of the first marker and occurrence of peak concentration of the marker in faeces (values are means ± s.e.m.). Filled symbols represent data from the first year of study (July 2002-May 2003), open symbols represent data from the second year (July 2003-January 2004). Line: periodic fit.

View larger version (11K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Concentrations of crude protein (A) and crude fibre (B) in dry matter intake and in faecal material. Different symbols indicate different months of measurement (circle: January; hexagon: March; triangle: May; square: July; inverted triangle: September; diamond: November). Filled symbols represent data from the first year of study (July 2002-May 2003), open symbols represent data from the second year (July 2003-January 2004).

View larger version (5K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Seasonal variation of visually assessed index of body condition (values are means ± s.e.m., missing error bars represent sample sizes too small to calculate s.e.m.; line, periodic fit).