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First published online November 1, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4444-4451 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02525

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Dolphin foraging sounds suppress calling and elevate stress hormone levels in a prey species, the Gulf toadfish

Luke Remage-Healey^1,*, Douglas P. Nowacek² and Andrew H. Bass¹

¹ Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
² Department of Oceanography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The advertisement call of male Gulf toadfish is termed a boatwhistle. Shown here is a spectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of a representative boatwhistle recorded in May, 2002 at 28.6°C. A single call includes a series of non-harmonic `grunts' that are followed by a multi-harmonic, tonal `hoot'. Adapted with permission from Remage-Healey and Bass (Remage-Healey and Bass, 2005).

View larger version (31K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Examples of playback stimuli sonograms recorded via hydrophones placed near vocalizing male Gulf toadfish. Stimuli were high-frequency dolphin whistles (A), low-frequency dolphin pops (B), and low-frequency snapping shrimp pops (C) that served as a control stimulus. Acoustic parameters for each stimulus type are described in Table 1.

View larger version (13K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Low-frequency acoustic signals of a predator, the bottlenose dolphin, rapidly suppress advertisement calling in a prey species, male Gulf toadfish. Relative to pre-treatment calling behavior (Pre), acoustic playback of dolphin whistles and pops (N=9) or dolphin pops alone (N=4) caused significant suppression of toadfish calling behavior both during (During) and immediately after (Post) 5 min of loop-mode playback. Similar treatment with dolphin whistles alone (N=5) or snapping shrimp pops (N=7) produced no significant changes in toadfish calling. Bars indicate mean ± s.e.m.; *P<0.05, **P<0.001.

View larger version (5K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Predator vocalizations (dolphin pops) induce a significant increase in baseline plasma cortisol levels, relative to control stimuli (snapping shrimp pops). Plasma was immediately sampled following the end of the playback periods. Sample sizes are indicated at the bottom of each bar. The dolphin pops group represents both animals receiving playbacks of dolphin pops alone (N=4) and a subset of the animals that received dolphin whistles and pops (N=4; also see Fig. 3). Bars indicate mean ± s.e.m. *P=0.03.

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