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First published online October 18, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 4295-4303 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02529

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The role of target elevation in prey selection by tiger beetles (Carabidae: Cicindela spp.)

John E. Layne^*, P. W. Chen and Cole Gilbert

Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

View larger version (9K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Scheme of the simulation model. The model's response to the targets is the product of three factors relating the size, speed and elevation of the experimental target to those of an ideal target. For size and speed, the response is unity if the target is ideal, and falls off from unity with increasing deviation from the ideal, following a normal curve with standard deviation . The normal curve is symmetrical around the ideal if the constant =1, otherwise the response is asymmetrical about the ideal. For elevation, the response factor is 1-R, where R is an elevation dependent variable between 0 and 1. These `prey generalization parameters' , and R are determined by a least-squared means optimization. See text for further details.

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Proportion of beetles attempting to strike targets. (A) Strike proportion is plotted against size, grouped by elevation, and averaged over the third variable, speed. (B) Strike proportion is plotted against elevation, grouped by size, and averaged over speed. (C) Strike proportion plotted against speed, grouped by size, and averaged over elevation. Values are means ± 1 s.d.

View larger version (82K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Panels showing four-dimensional stimulus space sliced at planes corresponding to tested target elevations (A), sizes (B) and speeds (C). Strike proportion for all panels is indicated by the color bar. Loci of tested values are indicated by black dots; values between dots are filled by cubic interpolation. Axis conventions for A-C are in lower left panels. Empirical results are shown in the left column of each pair, and simulation model results in the right column.