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First published online October 5, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 3990-3999 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02471
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Joint work and power for both the forelimb and hindlimb during trotting in the horse

Darren J. Dutto1,*, Donald F. Hoyt2, Hilary M. Clayton3, Edward A. Cogger4 and Steven J. Wickler4

1 School of Physical Education and Health, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, OR 97850, USA
2 Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
4 Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Joint marker placement (labeling in lower case) and identification of joint angles (labeling in capitals; see text for details).

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Net work done at each joint ranges (joint abbreviations as in Figs 3 and 4) and total work done by the limb (forelimb on the top and hindlimb on the bottom) for each of the three speed ranges (slow <3.25 m s–1, medium 3.25–4.00 m s–1 and fast >4.00 m s–1). Colored bars indicate the means, and black lines the standard deviation. Joints: FDIP and HDIP, fore and hind distal interphalangeal, respectively; MCP, metacarpophalangeal, MTP, metatarsophalangeal. *Significant difference (P<0.05 using repeated-measures ANOVA) in speed; {dagger}significant difference from 0.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Joint angles, moments and powers for the forelimb (shoulder, A; elbow, B; wrist, C; MCP, metacarpophalangeal, D; FDIP, forelimb distal interphalangeal, E). The blue line represents slow speeds (<3.25 m s–1), the red line medium speeds (3.25–4.00 m s–1) and the grey line fast speeds (>4.0 m s–1). The error bars on each curve are the standard deviation. The stick figure representations at the top are from every 20% of stance of the forelimb from one medium speed trial (with the same orientation as the forelimb in Fig. 1) with the direction and magnitude of the resultant ground reaction force included as a broken line.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Joint angles, moments and powers for the hindlimb (hip, A; knee, B; ankle, C; MTP, metatarsophalangeal, D; HDIP, hindlimb distal interphalangeal, E). The blue line represents slow speed (<3.25 m s–1), the red line medium speed (3.25–4.00 m s–1) and the grey line fast speed (>4.0 m s–1). The error bars on each curve are the standard deviation. The stick figure representations at the top are from every 20% of stance of the hindlimb from one medium speed trial (with the same orientation as the forelimb in Fig. 1) with the ground reaction force included.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. Average joint moments for each of the three speed ranges. FDIP and HDIP, fore and hind distal interphalangeal, respectively; MCP, metacarpophalangeal, MTP, metatarsophalangeal. Black bars represent the standard deviation. *Significant differences (P<0.05 using repeated-measures ANOVA) with speed.

 

Figure 6
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  		Fig. 6. Net negative and positive work done at each joint, and total limb (forelimb on the top plot and hindlimb on the bottom plot) for each of the three speed ranges (slow <3.25 m s–1, medium 3.25–4.00 m s–1 and fast >4.00 m s–1). FDIP and HDIP, fore and hind distal interphalangeal, respectively; MCP, metacarpophalangeal, MTP, metatarsophalangeal. Colored bars indicate the means, and black lines the standard deviation. *Significant differences (P<0.05 using repeated measures ANOVA) with speed. To obtain the total work for each joint and limb (as seen in Fig. 2), the negative and positive work are added together for each joint or for the total limb.

 

Figure 7
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  		Fig. 7. Total power (sum of the five joints for each limb) during contact, for the fore- and hindlimb. Plots to the right show the total power for the three distal joints (A,C; forelimb: FDIP, MCP, wrist; hindlimb: HDIP, MTP, ankle) and two proximal joints (B,D; forelimb: elbow, shoulder; hindlimb: knee, hip) for each limb. The total power of the limb would be the sum of the proximal and distal power for the limb. FDIP and HDIP, fore and hind distal interphalangeal, respectively; MCP, metacarpophalangeal, MTP, metatarsophalangeal.

 




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