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First published online August 30, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 3621-3628 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02405
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Dolphin continuous auditory vigilance for five days

Sam Ridgway1,2,*, Don Carder1, James Finneran1, Mandy Keogh3, Tricia Kamolnick4, Mark Todd4 and Allen Goldblatt2,5

1 Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego, Code 235, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, CA 92152-5001, USA
2 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
3 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
4 SAIC Biosolutions Division, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
5 Department of Zoology, University of Tel Aviv, Israel


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Experimental setup for the dolphin vigilance sessions. (A) Equipment hut and test enclosure showing location of response paddle and the sound projector on the adjacent side of the pen where the dolphin was rewarded. (B) A close-up drawing showing the response paddle apparatus, the underwater infrared cameras, and infrared light sources that allowed for visualization of the dolphin's eyes on target approaches.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. (A,C) Respiratory rates (plus signs) and (B,D) responses to target tones (squares, correct trial; dashes, missed trial) during 120 h of continuous vigilance for trials SAY B (A,B) and WEN C (C,D). 0.00 indicates midnight.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Behavior scored (30-s intervals) from video recordings during 24 h before and 24 h after 120-h vigilance sessions for SAY and WEN. QHB (quiescent hanging behavior) and SCS (slow circular swimming) indicate sleep behaviors.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Mean target response time (±s.d.) for each 24-h period (see key) within the 120-h vigilance sessions.

 

Figure 5
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  		Fig. 5. A dolphin approaches the response paddle, as seen from above (A,B). Underwater camera showing left eye closed (C,E) and right eye open (D,F) as the dolphin hits the response paddle during vigilance sessions. Bar graph showing observed eye closures during 120-h vigilance sessions for SAY A (G) and WEN C (H). Shaded areas indicate night time observations.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006