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First published online July 20, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 2873-2879 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02311
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Color discrimination at the spatial resolution limit in a swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus

Yuichi Takeuchi*, Kentaro Arikawa and Michiyo Kinoshita{dagger}

School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama 240-0193, Japan


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Top view of Y-maze apparatus. The height of the Y-maze is 45 cm. The training and decision areas can be separated by inserting a removable board between two areas (arrow). The floor and the end walls of the two arms were covered with black plastic sheet. The other walls and the ceiling were covered with a 3 mm mesh plastic net. The tested butterflies were able to see two targets simultaneously while they were in the grey area.

 

Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Reflectance spectra of chromatic (color) and achromatic (grey) papers used in the present experiments. The spectra are shown relative to the maximal reflectance in a set of the training color and the corresponding four different greys. (A) Blue and four corresponding grey papers: with the same subjective brightness (Gr-B-s), and the same quantum catch for the blue (Gr-B-b), green (Gr-B-g) and red (Gr-B-r) receptors. (B) Green and four corresponding grey papers. (C) Red and four corresponding grey papers. For the calculated number of quantum catch, see Table 1.

 

Figure 3
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  		Fig. 3. Correct choice ratio for different sizes of target. Results of the blue- (A), green- (B) and red- (C) trained butterflies. The correct choice ratio is close to 0.5 (dotted lines) when the visual subtended angle of the disk is smaller than about 1.0°. Values are mean ± s.d. For an explanation of Gr-s, Gr-b, Gr-g and Gr-r, see Fig. 2 and Table 1.

 

Figure 4
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  		Fig. 4. Relationship of the correct choice ratio and the visual angle of the target predicted by the GLM. Estimated equation: P=exp(ß0+ ß1x)/[1+exp(ß0+ ß1x)]. x, visual angle; ß0, intercept; ß1, regression coefficient. Blue: ß0=-1.78, ß1=1.84. Green: ß0=-0.57, ß1=0.64. Red: ß0=-0.96, ß1=1.43.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2006