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First published online May 26, 2006
Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 2328-2336 (2006)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2006
doi: 10.1242/jeb.02256

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Post-genomic approaches to understanding the mechanisms of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity

Andrew Cossins^1,*, Jane Fraser¹, Margaret Hughes¹ and Andrew Gracey²

¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
² Marine Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA

View larger version (47K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. The pattern of tissue-specific transcript responses to chronic cooling. The numbers on the vertical axis represent the 23 clusters determined by K-means technique of the 1701 genes not involved in the tissue common response. The average expression for all genes at a particular time point for each tissue in the cooling treatment was calculated relative to control specimens held throughout at 30°C. Red indicates upregulation and green, downregulation. Redrawn and simplified from a figure published elsewhere (Gracey et al., 2004).

View larger version (41K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Heat maps to display the expression properties of multi-tissue gene clusters in cardiac and white skeletal muscle. 30°C-acclimated carp were exposed to reduced temperatures for increasing lengths of time, as indicated by the blue triangles at the top of the figure. We collected fully replicated data from seven different tissues and used this to produce a cluster of genes with tissue-specific patterns of expression, all as described elsewhere (Gracey et al., 2004). The rows in the heat maps in A represent genes across both cardiac and skeletal muscle and the columns represent array data for different temperature/time points. (A) Cluster 8 (see Fig. 1), which included genes with decreased expression at all three reduced temperatures in skeletal muscle. These responses are specific to skeletal muscle since cardiac muscle showed no such change. The panel to the side provides a list of the most relevant genes within the `Cell motility' GO category. (C) Cluster 11 where the predominant response in skeletal muscle is upregulation. (B) Time course of changes in transcript levels of two notable genes included in heatmap C. The vertical dotted lines in B separate the three cooling regimes, down to 23°C, to 17° and to 10°C, from left to right for each muscle tissue. The response of both genes is graded and transitory.