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First published online April 26, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1645-1652 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01484
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Models and the scaling of energy costs for locomotion

R. McNeill Alexander

School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK



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  		Fig. 1. Graphs of cost of transport against body mass Mb for running animals. The upper line shows the net metabolic cost, and the lower one the mechanical cost (ignoring fluctuations of internal kinetic energy, and energy saving by elastic mechanisms). On the horizontal axis, 0.1 mg should read 0.1 g. From R. J. Full: Mechanics and energetics of terrestrial locomotion: bipeds to polypeds. In Energy Transformations in Cells and Organisms (ed. W. Wieser and E. Gnaiger), pp. 175-182. Stuttgart: Thieme. Reprinted by permission.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Mass-specific metabolic rates in flight, plotted against body mass Mb. The unlabelled points refer to birds. The regression line has been calculated from data for 38 species, of which only a few are represented by points. The broken line shows estimates of mechanical power, based on data for 34 species. Both lines are based on equations in Rayner (1995aGo). From Alexander (1995Go), with permission.

 

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© The Company of Biologists Ltd 2005