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First published online March 21, 2005
Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 1321-1327 (2005)
Published by The Company of Biologists 2005
doi: 10.1242/jeb.01528

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Echolocation call intensity in the aerial hawking bat Eptesicus bottae (Vespertilionidae) studied using stereo videogrammetry

Marc W. Holderied^1,*, Carmi Korine², M. Brock Fenton³, Stuart Parsons⁴, Stuart Robson⁵ and Gareth Jones¹

¹ School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
² Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
³ Department of Biology, York University, Canada
⁴ School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
⁵ Department of Geomatic Engineering, University College London, UK

View larger version (18K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Typical reconstruction of a flight path of Eptesicus bottae. Localisations of the flying bat are represented by small dots, and bat-emitted echolocation calls at positions illustrated by larger open circles. Positions of the cameras and microphone are also illustrated.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Echolocation calls emitted by Eptesicus bottae in a range of different situations. (1) Search phase call, (2) another search phase call emitted prior to a capture sequence, (3) an approach phase call, (4) a call from the middle of a terminal buzz and (5) a call from the end of a terminal buzz. For each call oscillograms (upper panels), spectrograms (middle panels –1024 Hanning window, 97% overlap) and power spectra (lower panels) are illustrated.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Frequency histogram of pulse intervals of echolocation calls of E. bottae. The asterisk indicates the calculated maximum echo delay this bat can expect to achieve with the loudest observed call (details see text).

View larger version (12K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Spectrogram of a representative feeding buzz from Eptesicus bottae (FFT: 1024, Hanning window, 75% overlap).

View larger version (19K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Frequency distribution of flight speeds of Eptesicus bottae. Mean flight speed is illustrated by a filled circle. Predicted minimum power speed (see Materials and methods) is depicted by an open triangle, and predicted maximum range speed by a filled triangle.

View larger version (15K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Relationships between source level and distance from microphone (A) and call duration (B) for Eptesicus bottae.